Nine bank unions joined together and organized a nationwide strike on 29th July, 2016, which crippled banking operations all over India. After the one day strike, the bank unions claimed that around one million bank employees joined the strike and it was a grand success.

What do these unions mean by success? Do they mean that crippling the bank operations resulting in several millions of rupees of national loss and causing untold hardships to millions of customers and business enterprises is the barometer of what they call as success?

What purpose for the strike?

The bank unions went on strike on 29th July primarily on three accounts, namely to protest against the merger of subsidiary banks with State Bank of India , to oppose government’s move to dilute it’s equity stake in the loss incurring government owned IDBI bank from 78.5% to 49% and to demand that the bad loans must be recovered by the banks. The question is as to whether these demands justify a nation wide strike, that virtually crippled the economy of the country for a day. The weapon of strike which should be the ultimate weapon is being used in a light hearted manner.

The move of the government of India to merge the subsidiary banks with State Bank of India and dilute it’s equity in IDBI bank are policy decisions taken by popularly elected government based on it’s wisdom and it’s view that such measures are needed to improve the efficiency of the banks and improve it’s operations. If there would be different view point on the action of the government , then it is for the Indian parliament to decide the course of action by discussions and even by voting, if necessary. How can the bank employees demand that such policy decision of the government should be taken only with the concurrence and approval of the bank employees and as per their wishes?

There are many stake holders in the banking system apart from the government . For example, State Bank of India is owned by the government of India only to the extent of around 59% of equity holding and the rest is held by others such as insurance companies, mutual funds, individuals etc. Bank employees who work in the bank getting monthly wages and whose interests are only short term during their period of employment in the bank, should leave it to the stake holders who have long term interests and parliament to decide on the matter.

Going on strike for such reasons amount to abuse of privileges that are enjoyed by the unions due to their collective bargaining strength.

What concept for trade union movement?

When Karl Marx advocated the need for the struggle by the work men to save themselves from exploitation and improve their living conditions, obviously he had in his mind poor and deprived work men and not the type of bank employees that we have today.

The bank employees at various level who are paid high salaries apart from being provided with several other benefits and perks cannot be considered, by any stretch of imagination, as deprived people that Karl Marx thought about. In India , bank employees are now privileged class of citizens and one may be justified in concluding that their forming unions and terming them as trade union activity is an anachronism.

Look at the contrast between the white collar bank employees who claim trade union rights and more than 20% of Indian population ( more than 250 million people ) who are blue collar workers living below poverty line and not knowing as to where their next meal would come from. Karl Marx only had such deprived blue collar workers in mind when he said that “workers have nothing to lose except the chains.”

Are the bank unions democratic in their decisions?

When the bank unions call for strike, all the employees respond to the call even if some may feel that such call for strike could be unnecessary. In the case of the strike on 29th July, many bank employees might have been unhappy about the strike decision but still participated due to the fear of the union leadership, who are mostly associated with one political party or the other and have iron like grip over the activities and decisions.

In countries like Japan, England and others, before issuing a strike call, the unions would seek the opinion of the members about organizing the strike, by conducting secret ballot. Such secret polls are never conducted in India by the bank unions. Possibly, , if such secret poll would have been conducted on 29th July strike decision, substantial number of bank employees, who have no particular political affiliation and are only concerned about their work, might have voted against organizing the strike.

It is high time that trade unions in India, particularly bank unions, should do careful self appraisal and take a relook at their priorities and activities, so that the spirit of Karl Marx would not be disappointed.

Weaknesses and a lack of coordination in the Lebanese government’s response to sex trafficking is putting women and girls at risk, Human Rights Watch said on the World Day against Trafficking in Persons. The government should enforce its anti-trafficking law more effectively, remove obstacles to reporting trafficking, improve police coordination, and provide support to trafficking survivors.

Syrian women appear to be at particular risk of trafficking into forced prostitution and sexual exploitation in Lebanon. A series of raids in 2015 and 2016 found dozens of Syrian women being held against their will and exploited. In March, in one recent case, security officers freed as many as 75 Syrian women from two brothels, Chez Maurice and Silver-B. Authorities arrested and indicted over a dozen people on sex trafficking charges in that case.

“Trafficking into forced prostitution is a grave crime, and Lebanon should continue to step up its response,” said Skye Wheeler, women’s rights researcher at Human Rights Watch. “Survivors of trafficking need justice, services, and support.”

Authorities have taken some important steps to end trafficking. The United States government lifted its ranking of Lebanon from “tier 3” to “tier 2” in its 2016 Trafficking in Persons Report. These annual rankings reflect the US government’s assessment of the records of countries around the world in responding to trafficking. The 2016 report said that Lebanon had made “significant efforts” to meet minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, including increasing numbers of prosecutions. In 2015, the report said, Lebanon convicted 30 people for trafficking crimes. However, the report noted that, “the law was applied unevenly, as most judges lacked understanding of the crime and knowledge of best practices to handle trafficking cases appropriately.” It also said that “some judges gave convicted traffickers weak sentences.”

Human Rights Watch interviewed two women who had been in Chez Maurice. They said that traffickers lured them from Syria with promises of marriage or jobs, but instead forced them into prostitution in the brothel, in Lebanon’s Ma’ameltein red-light district. They said that the alleged traffickers never paid them, regularly beat them, would not let them leave, and confiscated their identification papers and mobile phones.

Authorities were aware that trafficking had occurred previously at Chez Maurice. In late 2011, the Internal Security Forces, Lebanon’s police, raided the premises and, news reports said, found a 17-year-old Syrian girl trapped there. Engaging children in prostitution is a crime and constitutes trafficking under Lebanon’s 2011 anti-trafficking law. Chez Maurice closed for approximately three months and then reopened. In March, the General Security, the agency that oversees the entry and exit of foreigners into the country, raided it again. The two former captives said that four of the women freed in the raid told officers that they had been trafficked and forced into prostitution.

Chez Maurice’s owner, Maurice Geagea, had been arrested and released after short periods at least three times prior to the March raid, police officers said. When Chez Maurice was raided in March he was already in prison on charges of trafficking women into forced prostitution in two other locations, said the head of the police counter-trafficking unit, Lt. Colonel Johnnie Haddad, who also said the police knew that Geagea owned Chez Maurice. Haddad said that he had Chez Maurice under surveillance at the time of the March raid by the other police unit.

“The fact that trafficking at Chez Maurice was uncovered repeatedly over years calls into question the effectiveness of the authorities’ response,” Wheeler said. “Lebanon should review how it has handled trafficking at Chez Maurice, and its approach to sex trafficking more broadly.”

Human Rights Watch is concerned that survivors of trafficking are not getting the services and support they need in Lebanon. In the Chez Maurice case, some of the survivors had to wait two or three days in police stations or an apartment before they were given spots in shelters run by nongovernmental agencies. A police officer and staff of a nongovernmental agency described their scramble to find shelter spots. Staff from an international organization that provided health services to the women said there was a substantial delay before the women received care. This suggests problems with coordination and capacity to help survivors. Security officials also released many of the women rescued from Chez Maurice and Silver-B without questioning them or offering protection or access to shelters. Some of the victims were picked up again by their captors before being freed for a second time by police officers.

The country’s 2011 anti-trafficking law directs the Social Affairs Ministry to establish a trust fund for victims of trafficking with assets seized from traffickers. The ministry has not yet established the fund, and ministry staff told Human Rights Watch that the Chez Maurice case had demonstrated weaknesses in their referral chain, which they said they planned to strengthen.

Many obstacles deter victims of trafficking from reporting crimes. Staff of organizations working with trafficking victims told Human Rights Watch that the criminalization of sex work in Lebanon is a significant obstacle. They said that authorities tend to perceive all women in “prostitution” – even if they are trafficked into forced prostitution – as criminals. This means that those forced into prostitution fear being arrested if they approach the authorities.

Human Rights Watch opposes the criminalization of consensual adult sex work. Human Rights Watch believes that criminalization of sex work also creates barriers for those engaged in sex work to exercise basic rights, such as protection from violence, access to justice for abuses, and access to essential health services. Coercing a person to provide sexual services (whether this amounts to sexual assault, trafficking, forced prostitution, or other forms of exploitation) should be criminalized and prosecuted.

In addition, many Syrian women in Lebanon have no legal residency status in the country, which increases risks of sexual and other exploitation and also leaves them afraid to file criminal complaints against abusers.

Human Rights Watch interviewed officials in the Internal Security Forces, nongovernmental service providers, judges, and journalists about the broader problem of sex trafficking in the country and documented at least six cases that appeared to involve groups of Syrian women and girls. Those interviewed said that survivors of trafficking have had to wait months or years to testify in court. Lawyers for nongovernmental agencies and United Nations officials said that cases can take between one and three years to conclude. One lawyer said that three Syrian women she had worked with who were sex trafficking victims returned to Syria rather than press charges because they did not want to stay in Lebanon to testify.

“For the sake of the survivors, the authorities should ensure that all trafficking cases are handled efficiently and fairly in the courts,” Wheeler said. “But prosecutions are not enough. The authorities need a plan to fix broader problems of coordination among government and security agencies, inadequate services, and lack of justice for survivors of trafficking.”

This weekend Hurriyet has published a very interesting interview with Richard Moore, the U.K. ambassador to Ankara, who comments on the recent attempted military coup against the elected government.

Moore is emphatic that there was no intervention on behalf of the U.K. or United States, and also elaborates his opinion on Gülen’s involvement.

You are a sort of Turkish expert and you know these Gülenist people. Have you ever thought that these people could attempt such a thing?

Look, having spoken to senior officials, to senior ministers here, I don’t think anyone understood the degree to which they appear to have penetrated the military. I think there is a quite good deal of understanding that they had infiltrated other institutions, particularly the police and judiciary. We saw that in the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases. But I think we were all surprised at the scale of it in the military. But is it a complete surprise? No. There have been reports of Gülenists trying to get in the military as early as the 1990s.

So, I don’t find it difficult to understand. Again, in private, I have heard from Turkish ministers that others apart from Gülenists were probably involved in the coup; not every single officer discharged from the army is likely to have been a Gülenist. Clearly there are people involved in the coup for other motivations which should come clearer in the coming weeks. Perhaps some of those other people did not know that some of their brother officers were Gülenists; no doubt some of that detail will come out. But do I have any trouble in accepting the Gülenist movement played a part in this? No, I don’t frankly.

The full interview is well worth reading.

Two nuns, who were taken hostage by two jihadists in a Normandy church on Tuesday, gave accounts of their ordeals. They said one of the attackers smiled happily after slitting Father Jacques Hamel’s throat and a bizarre theological dispute followed the crime.

Abdel Malik Petitjean and Adel Kermiche, both 19, were killed by French police as they tried to flee the 17th century Catholic church in the town of Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray in the north of France just after killing its priest and seriously injuring an elderly parishioner.

Sister Huguette Peron and Sister Helene Decaux, both in their early 80s, were among the people taken hostage by the attackers, who pledged allegiance to the terrorist group Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL). Two days after the attack the still shocked women talked to the Catholic newspaper La Vie, which published their interview on Friday.

Sister Huguette said both attackers were obviously nervous and aggressive, but killing Father Jacques seemed to please one of them.

“I got a smile from the second (man). Not a smile of triumph, but a soft smile, that of someone who is happy,” she told the newspaper.

The men then had a conversation about religion with their female hostages. One asked Sister Helene if she was familiar with the Quran.

“Yes, I respect it like I respect the Bible, I’ve read several suras. And those that hit me in particular are the suras about peace,” she responded.

One of the attackers was apparently touched and replied: “Peace, it’s what we want. When you talk to the television, tell the authorities that as long as there are bombs on Syria, we will continue our attacks. And they will happen every day. When you stop, we will stop.”

France is part of the US-led coalition, which is trying to undermine IS in Syria and Iraq through a bombing campaign and supporting some of the local forces opposing the organization.

Later, one of the attackers tried to convince sister Huguette that Jesus could not be both a man and God.

“It is you who are wrong,” he said.

“Maybe, but too bad,” she replied, not wishing to argue and expecting that she might be killed.

As the police arrived, the two attackers wanted to use the women as human shields and escape. However they didn’t quite manage to cover themselves behind them, allowing police snipers to take them down, the nuns told the newspaper.

The church attack is the latest in a string of IS-organized or inspired acts of terrorism, which have been shaking France since 2015. Amid continued security failures, France is considering banning foreign sponsorship of mosques, Prime Minister Manuel Valls announced on Friday.

Nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament debates have received important considerations in the contemporary nuclear environment, that has resulted in a strategic shift of the paradigm in the global nuclear politics. However, the states that are party to the nonproliferation efforts  see such advancements in lieu of their threat perception.

The efforts that took place to curb the spread of nuclear weapons have reinforced the impression that under the changing dynamics of global politics and regional/national security, challenges to nuclear non-proliferation are ineffectively addressed. The NPT review conferences, which have taken place every five years, have often failed to achieve a consensus on a final document regarding different issues pertaining to non-proliferation. Disagreement between Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) and Non-Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS) on nuclear disarmament/horizontal nuclear proliferation under Article VI of the treaty, which calls upon P-5 NWS to ‘pursue negotiations’ for ‘effective measures’ within the framework of the NPT, lingers on with no consensus in sight. Similarly, differences continue to persist in the interpretation and application of Article IV of the NPT on peaceful uses of nuclear technology.

Recently, the independent Arms Control Association (ACA) released a new study that measures the performance of 11 key states in 10 universally-recognized nonproliferation, disarmament and nuclear security categories over the past 18 months. The study, “Assessing Progress on Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament, 2013-2016”, is the third in a series that gives grades to China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Israel, Pakistan—each of which possess nuclear weapons—and North Korea—which maintains a nuclear weapons capability—as well as Iran and Syria, which are under investigation for possible nuclear weapons-related activities. The indicators used for the assessment are: banning nuclear-weapon test explosions; ending the production of fissile material for weapons; reducing nuclear weapons alert levels; verifiablly reducing nuclear force size; assuring non-nuclear weapons states that they will not be subject to nuclear attack; establishing nuclear weapon-free zones; complying with international safeguards against the diversion of peaceful nuclear activities for weapons purposes; controlling nuclear weapons-related exports; implementing measures to improve the security of nuclear material and facilities; and criminalizing and preventing illicit nuclear trafficking and nuclear terrorism.

The Report Card assigned a Grade C to Pakistan. Pakistan’s grade improved slightly since the 2013 report, due to progress on strengthening export controls and ratifying a key nuclear security treaty. The country updated its national control lists last year to make them compatible with those of the nuclear export cartels like the Nuclear Suppliers Group, Missile Technology Control Regime and Australia Group. In Pakistan’s neighborhood, both China and India were given C+ grade, while Iran got a C. On nuclear security commitments, Pakistan got a B+ as compared to a B in 2013. The improved grade was because of accession to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material amendment this year. Physical security has improved in the recent years, due in significant part to US assistance across a spectrum of activities. This assistance includes the development of nuclear material accountability and tracking programs, advanced training by US national laboratories, and the development of personnel reliability and accounting measures. On the International Atomic Energy Agency’s safeguard, Pakistan got a Grade B, although all of its civil nuclear facilities are under IAEA safeguards.

The report says that Pakistan’s grade has been lowered because in October 2015, Aizaz Chaudhry publicly stated that Pakistan has developed low-yield, tactical nuclear weapons. Pakistan is believed to have deployed these weapons on the battlefield. The other nuclear nation in South Asia, India, developed and enhanced nuclear arsenal; aided by civilian nuclear cooperation agreements; triad of nuclear delivery systems; short, medium and long range missiles; SLBMs and nuclear powered sub-marine; developing BMD system and there are also reports about Hydrogen bomb. As encouraged and supported by US and allies like Israel – India is engaged in massive conventional and strategic military buildup.

Pakistan has played an active role in international nuclear mechanisms. It is noteworthy that four security summits have taken place so far and Islamabad has accepted US proposals for securing all vulnerable materials within four years. Several safety and security measures have been put in place as part of this commitment. Pakistan acceded to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material. Pakistan has undertaken some measures to protect its non-nuclear radiological materials. As part of that it has upgraded physical security at its nuclear medical centers. This measure is intended primarily to prevent the spread of material for making RDD (‘dirty bombs’). Pakistan has also participated in the IAEA nuclear safety action plan. Additionally it has extended its cooperation in other areas with the IAEA to improve nuclear security.

The low ranking implies weak regulations, which despite Pakistan’s efforts indicates a biased assessment. This grading of positions is the result of ignoring the efforts taken by Pakistan for compliance to global norms; their security and control measures; capacity to keep them safe; and their risk environments. Interestingly, it is difficult to empirically measure how effective material control is unless theft, pilferage or sabotage is reported. Pakistan’s domestic commitments and capacity to prevent the theft of nuclear materials are fairly good in the region. Unlike India, Pakistan has an independent regulatory agency and robust domestic nuclear materials security legislation in place. Arguably, it seems that the global nuclear security is as strong as the weakest link in the chain which deserves a more realistic assessment as it is nothing more than a patchwork of agreements, guidelines and multilateral engagement mechanisms. It seems that the facts about a few states have been deliberately ignored to justify the allocated rankings.

By Jim Garamone

US Marine Corps Gen. Joe Dunford arrived Baghdad, Iraq on Saturday for talks with Combined Joint Task Force Operation Inherent Resolve leaders on the status of the counter-Islamic State campaign.

The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is making his fifth visit to the region since he was confirmed in October 2015. Combatting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has been on of the focuses of Dunford’s tenure.

Dunford is meeting with U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Stuart Jones and his country team and with Army Lt. Gen. Sean McFarland, the OIR commander. The Army’s 3rd Corps — a significant part of the OIR forces — is turning over responsibility to the XVIII Airborne Corps next month.

The chairman will also meet with Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi, Defense Minister Kahlid al-Obeidi and Iraq’s chief of defense Lt. Gen. Othman al-Ganimi.

The counter-ISIL situation has changed since Dunford’s first trip to Iraq as chairman. In October 2015, the Iraqi military was still in the process of planning to retake Ramadi, a key city in Anbar province, and fighting to retake Beiji, a key city north of Baghdad. No one knew how Iraqi security forces, Shiia militias and the Kurdish Peshmerga would work together, or even if they could cooperate. Last year, ISIL had some momentum.

Yet even then, Dunford was working to find ways for indigenous forces to apply pressure on ISIL at multiple points in Iraq and Syria. Coalition aircraft provided support to Iraqi forces on the ground and coalition trainers worked to ensure Iraqi security forces and the Peshmerga had the training and equipment needed to do their jobs.

Coalition Successes

By his April visit, Dunford said the momentum had shifted. Iraqi forces had taken Ramadi, had taken Beiji and had pushed on to take Hit and areas up the Tigris River Valley. “The momentum has swung and … my experience tells me once you’ve got somebody in a headlock, you don’t let them go,” Dunford said following his April visit.

And it appears coalition forces haven’t let up. Iraqi forces retook Fallujah and pushed further up the Tigris valley, taking the key airfield of Qarayya. Iraqi and Peshmerga forces are now aimed directly at retaking Mosul — the second largest city in Iraq. Coalition aircraft continue operations against ISIL and are increasingly effective with the better intelligence they are getting from successes on the ground.
In a recent Pentagon news conference, Dunford said the success of the counter-ISIL military campaign can be measured using three metrics: territory retaken, resources taken from ISIL and cutting the number of foreign fighters trying to join ISIL. All those measurements are trending the right way for local forces and the coalition, he said.

Morocco’s king has praised his country’s political reform and economic and human developmental achievements during a speech delivered to the nation on Saturday on the occasion of the 17th anniversary of his accession to the throne.

Full Text of Royal Speech on Throne Day

Here follows the full text of the speech:

“Praise be to God

May peace and blessings be upon the Prophet, His Kith and Kin

Dear Citizens,

Several years have passed since, with God’s help and assistance, I undertook the mission of leading you. It is a noble mission to have the honor of serving you. It is also a major mission as it implies a responsibility before God, as well as a historic responsibility and a commitment towards all Moroccans.

Today, as we celebrate the 17th anniversary of my accession to the glorious Alawite Throne, I am most proud of the solid bonds of allegiance and unbreakable symbiosis between us. I am also more determined than ever to continue my endeavors to fulfill your legitimate aspirations.

What I want for all Moroccans, in villages, cities and remote, isolated areas, is to give them access to a dignified life now, reassure them about the future and ensure their security and stability at all times, with a balance between rights and obligations.

Dear Citizens,

During the last 17 years, we have managed to implement thorough political reforms and carry out major economic and human development projects, which have reshaped the country.

There is still much more to do, particularly as we are entering a new era, starting with the upcoming parliamentary elections.

As the guarantor of respect for the Constitution, the smooth running of institutions and the safeguard of the democratic choice, I do not take part in polls, nor do I belong to any political party. I am the King of all Moroccans, candidates and voters – and also of those who do not vote.

Furthermore, I am the King of all political organizations, without any discrimination or exception. As I said previously: the only party I am proud to belong to is Morocco.

The King has a special status in our political system. All actors, candidates and parties should therefore avoid involving the King in any electoral or party rows.

It is a watershed moment when we put things back on track: turn the page of an era when political parties used elections to gain access to power and inaugurate an era when this power lies with citizens, who have the duty to choose their representatives and hold them to account.

Indeed, citizens are the core element in the electoral process, not the parties, nor the candidates. Citizens are the source of power, which they delegate to their representatives. They have the power to hold them to account and replace them, on the basis of what they have achieved during their mandate.

I therefore urge voters to act in good conscience and to have in mind the citizens’ and nation’s interest during the poll, regardless of considerations of any kind.

I also call on political parties to endorse representatives who meet the requirements of competence, integrity, responsibility and keenness to serve citizens.

The governing parties have to defend their action during their tenure, while the opposition is required to offer constructive criticism and propose realistic alternatives, within the framework of fair competition, to find tangible solutions to citizens’ real issues and problems.

The government, which oversees the electoral process, under the authority of the Prime Minister and the responsibility of the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Justice and Liberties, also has to fulfill its duty in making sure this process is fair and transparent.

Should there be any violations – something that happens in any election – they have to be addressed in accordance with the law and examined by the competent judicial authorities.

I am, however, astounded to see some parties indulge in practices that are contrary to the ethics and ideals of political action, making statements and using expressions that tarnish the reputation of the nation and the credibility and sanctity of institutions, in their attempt to gain voters’ support.

I would like to give examples of serious violations and misconduct that are specific to electoral periods and which should be combatted, while perpetrators should be punished.

As soon as election dates draw near, confusion reigns, people turn their backs on each other and everyone, government and parties, candidates and voters, lose their minds and create chaos and conflicts that have nothing to do with the process of free choice, which is incarnated by elections.

I would like to say to everyone, the governing parties and the opposition: stop using the nation to settle personal accounts or achieve strictly party-related purposes.

Dear Citizens,

Representing citizens in the various institutions and organizations is a major duty. It requires honesty, responsibility and keenness to serve citizens first and foremost, beyond any other consideration.

As I have said repeatedly, positions of responsibility require commitment to the new concept of authority I have launched since my accession to the throne.

This concept of authority is my ruling doctrine. It is not limited, as some people may think, to Walis, Governors and local authorities, but covers all those who have access to power, including elected and public officials, whatever position they hold.

The new concept of power is based on accountability, through monitoring and control mechanisms, law enforcement and, for elected officials, through elections and citizens’ trust.

It is also based on fighting all forms of corruption: during elections and in the government, justice and other sectors. Dodging duty is a form of corruption.

Corruption is not inevitable and has never been part of Moroccan nature. However, it has become so commonplace that society considers it normal.

As a matter of fact, nobody is infallible, except prophets, messengers and angels.

I should nonetheless stress that fighting corruption must not be seen as an opportunity for politicking.

No one can fight corruption alone, be it an individual, a political party or an association. Furthermore, no one has the right to combat corruption or take the law into his own hands.

Fighting corruption is a cause championed by both the State and society. The State, with all its institutions, has to fight this dangerous trend through the appropriate legal mechanisms and by incriminating all its aspects and severely punishing those involved in it.

Society, with all its components, has to fight corruption by rejecting it, publicly exposing those who are involved in it and educating its members to stay away from it, keeping in mind the precepts of our pristine faith and true Moroccan values based on decency, integrity and dignity.

Dear Citizens,

I believe that political progress, whatever the level reached, remains insufficient on its own and needs to be supported by development, which should, in my view, be based on complementarity and balance between economic, social and environmental dimensions.

To live up to the multiple and intertwined development challenges, all Moroccans are required to engage, individually and collectively the decisive, global, economic battle underway.

The progress our country is looking forward to is not that which is assessed solely on the basis of indicators, which often ignore the specific features and achievements of each country, but genuine economic and social progress which all Moroccans can benefit from.

If, today, we are proud of our development achievements, I urge all stakeholders, from public and private sectors alike, to work twice as hard for Morocco to rise to a higher rank, among emerging nations, thanks to the assets I mentioned earlier.

This requires serious work to boost the competitiveness of our national economy, as well as an objective assessment of our public policies, together with continued updating of our sectorial and social strategies.

Despite the constraints linked either to the international context or to its national economy, Morocco is achieving constant progress, thanks be to God, with no gas or oil resources, but by the work of its citizens.

This is best illustrated by an increase in the number of international companies which have decided to invest in Morocco and launch projects worth millions, such as Peugeot, the Chinese companies involved in the Tangier strategic industrial zone project – which will cover 1000 to 2000 hectares – Russian companies, etc.

These companies would not take the risk of spending all this money, if they were not sure they were investing in the right place. They are aware of and appreciate the security and stability Morocco enjoys, as well as the prospects for their investments.

A number of international companies have also shown interest in the Noor-Ouarzazate project, the largest solar energy farm in the world.

The number of foreigners who have chosen Morocco as their country of residence is also on the rise, particularly French and Spanish nationals, some of whom have set up their own private businesses.

They enjoy the peace and tranquility of life here, under the protection of the Commander of the Faithful and the responsibility of the Moroccan State. They are also well received and respected by Moroccans.

The same determination and resolve prevail with regard to the security and safety of Moroccans and when it comes to safeguarding the stability of the country and maintaining public order.

Dear Citizens,

Maintaining order is a major responsibility, which is not limited in time or space, and a great mission incumbent upon all of us.

In this context, I would like to say how much I value the tireless efforts and major sacrifices made by the various security services when discharging their national duty.

I would also like to commend their effective response in anticipating and foiling all desperate terrorist attempts to target our citizens, security and public order.

I am aware of the difficult working conditions of the security forces, due to the limited resources available. They work day and night and are subject to tremendous pressure, as they are exposed to danger when they are on duty.

I therefore urge the government to provide the security authorities with the necessary human and material resources to enable them to carry out their duty properly.

It is also imperative to continue the ongoing action aimed at raising the moral standards of the police force and eliminating any aspects that can affect its reputation or undermine the incommensurate efforts its members are making to serve citizens.

For police action to be credible, a firm response to criminals and advocates of extremism and terrorism is required, within the framework of the law and in respect of rights and liberties, under the control of judiciary.

At a time of mounting security challenges and increasing conspiracies hatched against our country, I call for more mobilization and vigilance.

I also stress the need for coordination between security departments, at home and abroad, as well as with the Royal Armed Forces, with all their components, and with citizens, as all bear responsibility when it comes to national causes.

The security of Morocco is a national duty that leaves no room for exceptions. It should not be the subject of any trivial disputes, complacency or leniency. It requires positive competition safeguard the unity, security and stability of the nation.

It is not shameful for a nation to be strong and secure thanks to its citizens, nor for Moroccans to be mobilized for the defense of their national causes.

At the international level, the coordination and cooperation of our country’s security services with their counterparts from a number of sister and friendly nations has contributed to foiling numerous terrorist operations and preventing major human tragedies in these countries.

Dear Citizens,

My concern with citizens’ issues inside Morocco is only matched by the importance I attach to the issues of the members of our community abroad.

I deeply value their contribution to their country’s development and their involvement in upholding its causes.

I am also proud of their attachment to their country and of the increasing number of those visiting their families back home every year, despite the long, tiring journeys they have to undertake and all the difficulties they have to overcome.

It is true that on every occasion, I reiterate my thanks to them and I insist on the need to address their problems, both in Morocco and in host countries, but I am not exaggerating. They actually deserve more.

I have previously stressed the need to improve the services provided to them and noted the procedures adopted to serve this purpose.

The reforms and measures introduced in this regard are nonetheless still insufficient. More dedication and stronger commitment are required on the part of consuls and civil servants in charge of this community’s affairs.

Dear Citizens,

Our country’s foreign policy is based on words and action, be it when defending the cause of the Moroccan Sahara, diversifying partnerships or addressing current international issues and problems.

If some are trying to make 2016 a “year of decision”, for Morocco it is a “year of determination” as far as our territorial integrity is concerned. Convinced that ours is a just cause, with firm determination, we have faced the fallacious statements and irresponsible behavior related to the management of the Moroccan Sahara issue and taken the necessary measures, dictated by the circumstances, to put an end to these serious deviations.

We will continue defending our rights and will take the required measures to counter any future deviations. We will not give in to any kind of pressure, nor any blackmail attempts regarding the sacred cause of all Moroccans.

Morocco will however remain open and ever ready to engage in constructive dialogue in order to find a final political settlement to this artificial dispute.

In this regard, I would like to call again for continued vigilance and mobilization to counter the maneuvers of Morocco’s opponents, who are infuriated by the development and progress witnessed in the Moroccan Sahara.

All conspiracies, overt or hidden, will not undermine our determination to go on with the implementation of our southern provinces development model.

The development projects I have launched in the region, along with the opportunity for the populations’ effective involvement in managing their affairs, thanks to the advanced regionalization scheme, will transform the Sahara into an integrated economic pole that will allow it to play its historic role as a hub and an exchange platform between Morocco and the rest of Africa, as well as countries of the North.

Dear Citizens,

This policy, based on word and action, pursued by Morocco could not give the desired results, without the credibility the Kingdom enjoys as far as international relations are concerned.

This has allowed Morocco to diversify its partnerships. It is not a move or a reaction to suit the circumstances or serve short-lived calculations or interests, but rather a strategic choice in line with the country’s evolution and global changes.

It also reflects the status of our country as a valued and cherished partner, thanks to its development and political model, as well as its role as a major player in promoting security and stability in the region and defending the cause of Africa.

As I have already pointed out, Morocco is not the exclusive preserve of any country. Its openness, however, is not an indicator of a change of direction, nor will it ever affect its partners’ interests. Morocco will continue to honor the commitments made to its historic partners.

In this regard, the summit held last April with my brothers, Heads of States of the Gulf Cooperation Council, endorsed the Moroccan-Gulf partnership as a strategic, unified bloc, and laid solid foundations for building a unique model of Arab alliance.

Furthermore, Morocco spares no effort to boost strategic solidarity-based South-South partnership, particularly with African sister nations, both bilaterally and within West-African regional groupings.

To strengthen our sincere African policy, during the 27th African Union Summit, I announced Morocco’s decision to return to its African institutional family.

This decision does not, of course, mean that Morocco will relinquish its legitimate rights, nor recognize a pseudo entity lacking the basic elements of sovereignty which was imposed on the African Union, in flagrant violation of the latter’s charter.

Our country’s return to its natural place reflects our keenness to continue defending our interests from within the African Union and to enhance cooperation with our partners, at the bilateral and regional levels.

It will also open up new prospects for Morocco, mainly in East and Equatorial Africa, and consolidate the country’s position as a player with regard to the continent’s security, stability, human development and solidarity.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all African sister nations for supporting Morocco in defending its territorial unity and for responding positively to its decision to return to its institutional family, particularly leaders of the 28 states which have signed the statement, as well as those who have contributed to the initiative.

I should also like to express my gratitude and esteem to the Republic of Rwanda, which hosted the summit, and to its president, His Excellency Mr. Paul Kagamé, for their support and collaboration.

In addition to being open to major economic and political spaces, such as Russia, China and India, we remain committed to consolidating our strategic partnership with our French and Spanish allies. We also work with the European Union to develop our traditional partnership on solid bases.

This diversification of partnerships is based on mutual esteem and the commitment to boost win-win cooperation, as illustrated by the strategic agreements signed in vital sectors, such as energy, infrastructure, agriculture, the fight against terrorism, military cooperation, etc.

Dear Citizens,

Morocco’s keenness to diversify its partnerships is only matched by its strong commitment to address current international issues.

Indeed, Morocco is a key partner in the fight against terrorism, both at the level of security cooperation, with a number of sister and friendly nations, and through its unique approach to managing the country’s religious affairs. This position allowed Morocco to co-chair, with the Netherlands, the Global Counterterrorism Forum.

Our country is also actively involved in international efforts to fight climate change and, in November, is hosting the 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 22) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

This conference will offer Morocco the opportunity to show its commitment to ensuring the implementation of the Paris Agreement and continuing its support to developing countries in Africa and small insular states, most affected by climate change.

As a major player in triangular cooperation, Morocco has also placed development issues, particularly in Africa, at the top of its political agenda.

Dear Citizens,

I am not interested so much in records and achievements as I am in the impact the work has had on improving citizens’ living conditions.

In fact, the human dimension is a top priority and what matters first is the citizen, and more generally the human being, wherever they are.

I thank God for what we have managed to achieve in Morocco, a construction and development site and an oasis of security and stability, despite an international context characterized by a succession of crises and increasing tensions.

On this auspicious occasion, I would like to thank all members of civil society and true patriots, who are keen to serve their country, for their strong commitment at my side to build a unified, free and developed nation, as well as for their firm action against the vile conspiracies hatched against our country.

I should like to pay tribute to our Royal Armed Forces, the Royal Gendarmerie, the Auxiliary Forces, the National Security Forces, the Emergency Services and the local authorities for their devotion and constant mobilization to defend the nation’s unity and sovereignty and preserve its security and stability.

I pray that God assist me in fulfilling the mission I inherited from my ancestors, whom I remember with deep respect, most particularly my venerated grandfather and father, Their Majesties King Mohammed V and King Hassan II, May they and all the martyrs of the nation rest in peace.

We will continue our march together, with determination and resolve, to achieve the glory of Morocco and serve its citizens.

Dear Citizens,

I will continue to be, as I have always been, your first servant, who cares for your concerns and problems and responds to your aspirations at all times and under all circumstances.

Say, “This is my way; I invite to Allah with insight, I and those who follow me”. True is the word of God.

Massive deportations from Mexico and the U.S. have failed to stem the tide of Central Americans fleeing endemic poverty combined with epidemic violence. Stepped up enforcement has diverted undocumented migration into more costly, circuitous and dangerous channels. Criminal gangs and the corrupt officials who enable them are the beneficiaries of a policy that forces desperate people to pay increasing sums to avoid detention, extortion or kidnapping. Beefed-up border control inadvertently fuels human smuggling and fortifies criminal gangs that increasingly control that industry.

Governments must guarantee those fleeing violence the opportunity to seek asylum through fair, efficient procedures, while launching a major regional effort to provide security and economic opportunity in home countries. Central American leaders, especially in the northern triangle of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, must in turn address chronic insecurity more effectively while monitoring and assisting those deported, especially children and adolescents, so they have an option other than fleeing again.

The humanitarian crisis of 2014, when the U.S. struggled to cope with a surge of undocumented migrants, especially unaccompanied children, was never resolved. It was just pushed southwards. In fiscal year 2015, Mexico returned 166,000 Central Americans, including some 30,000 children and adolescents, while the U.S. deported over 75,000. But the Mexican government’s capacity to control the flow of migrants and refugees is reaching its limit. Many see Mexico as their destination, not just the country they cross in transit to the U.S. Asylum petitions have more than doubled, straining capacity to process them fairly and efficiently. Though the acceptance rate has increased in 2016, it remains inadequate to protect the men, women and children whose lives and livelihoods are threatened by the criminals who dominate many impoverished communities.

Migrants from both Mexico and the northern triangle of Central America (NTCA) region have long fled poverty to seek a better life abroad, sending home remittances that are a major source of foreign exchange and a crucial prop for their home countries’ economies. However, Mexico and the U.S. treat what is now in large part a violence-driven refugee crisis as if it were still solely an economic migration problem. Many victimised today by economic deprivation and social exclusion also face persecution by organised criminal groups, from neighbourhood gangs to transnational drug traffickers. Forced displacement is increasingly widespread, as violence reaches civil-war levels. About 150,000 people have been killed in the NTCA since 2006, an average of more than 50 homicides per 100,000, more than triple the rate in Mexico (where killings have soared since 2007) and more than ten times the U.S. average.

El Salvador became the most violent country in the western hemisphere in 2015 with a staggering murder rate of 103 per 100,000 people, while Honduras suffered 57 per 100,000 and Guatemala 30 per 100,000. Young people are the most vulnerable to violence, as both perpetrators and victims. The proportion of homicide victims under age twenty in El Salvador and Guatemala is higher than anywhere else in the world. No wonder that 35,000 children and adolescent migrants were detained in Mexico in 2015, nine times more than in 2011.

Those escaping violence at home are targeted again as they flee. Ideal victims, many have relatives who can be stung for ransom payments; lacking legal status, they are less likely than locals to report serious crimes like assault, extortion or kidnapping. They are also vulnerable to trafficking: the sex industry along the Mexican/Guatemalan border is largely driven by supply of migrants, especially adolescents, some of whom are held in virtual debt bondage to traffickers. A recent study, estimating that for every reported case there were 30 hidden victims, put sexually-exploited victims in Guatemala alone at nearly 50,000.

Guatemala has acted against human trafficking, including creating a special prosecutorial unit that, however, lacks staff and resources to be effective beyond the capital. Mexico has specialised units to investigate crimes against migrants, including a new one in the federal prosecutor’s office, but lack of information and resources again hampers efforts. Prosecutors should work with migrant shelters and other NGOs to encourage violent crime and official abuse victims to come forward, with guarantees of humanitarian protection and financial aid.

The region already has relatively robust legal frameworks to protect refugees: the countries of Central and North America either signed the 1951 convention on refugees or its 1967 protocol and have asylum systems in place. Mexico has been at the forefront of international efforts to protect refugees: its diplomats promoted the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, which expands the definition to those fleeing “generalised violence”. To offer effective protection, however, capacity must be expanded to process asylum requests quickly and fairly. The countries should also refrain when possible from holding asylum-seekers in detention, which can deter those most in need – families and unaccompanied children – from seeking help.

Mexico cannot shoulder the refugee problem alone; genuine regional sharing of responsibility is essential. Guatemala must also provide better safety and shelter to those in transit and combat human trafficking. The U.S. should step up legal, economic, medical and psychosocial support for international agencies, government institutions and local NGOs that work with refugees. Despite unabashed hostility from some political sectors to migration from Central America and Mexico, it should explore bringing more refugees, especially children, directly to the U.S., so they avoid a dangerous journey, and consider temporarily halting deportations of youths who risk becoming victims or members of gangs. Erecting more barriers and forcing migrants and refugees further underground has exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, strengthening the illegal networks that have turned much of Central America into a criminal battleground.

Recommendations

To protect the lives and rights of Central American migrants

To the government of Mexico: 

1. Recognise that migrants, especially children and families, must not be returned to Central American communities where their lives and freedom could be in danger; so expand the capacity of the Commission for Refugee Assistance (COMAR) to evaluate asylum petitions, based on the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1984 Cartagena Declaration, as incorporated in Mexican law.
2. Work with the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to implement protocols allowing migration agents and other government officials to seek out those needing protection, especially in border areas and migrant detention centres.
3. Provide alternatives to detention in consultation with civil society and community leaders, so families seeking refugee status can remain together and vulnerable groups – such as unaccompanied minors, women and lesbian, gay, bi- trans- or inter-sexual (LGBTI) individuals – receive adequate assistance and protection.
4. Offer “Visitor for Humanitarian Reasons” status, commonly known as humanitarian visas, to applicants for asylum, allowing them to accept formal employment and move freely within the country.
5. End the impunity of criminals and corrupt officials who target migrants by:
   1. working with humanitarian agencies, shelters, and other NGOs to protect migrants who have been victims of or witnesses to violent crime, abuse or corruption, encouraging them to report crimes and serve as witnesses and informing them of their right to humanitarian parole and protection; and
   2. expanding special state and federal prosecutorial units to investigate crimes against migrants, and working with shelters and human rights groups to identify victims of violent crime or official abuse; such units should also work closely with state special prosecutors for migrants and the federal organised crime unit, prioritising and monitoring the investigation of official corruption and violent crime, such as kidnapping.

To the governments of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador: 

6. Provide adequate support for and monitoring of deported migrants, especially children, including security and enhanced screening to identify and provide follow-up aid to those needing particularly education and job opportunities.
7. Work with the UNHCR to establish in-country centres in Mexico and other transit and destination countries, where those fleeing violence can petition for refugee recognition and be screened for third-country resettlement.
8. Expand prosecutorial capacity in Guatemala to investigate human trafficking for sexual exploitation, especially in border areas; and work with shelters and human rights groups to encourage Central American victims of trafficking networks to report abuse.
9. Protect trafficking victims from involuntary deportation, providing resettlement assistance and counselling when necessary; and reunite children and adolescents with their families, if feasible, or refer them to specialised institutions able to provide the required medical and psychosocial care.

To the government of the U.S.:

10. Step up and expand in-country processing for refugee status or humanitarian parole of Central Americans with protection needs, particularly minors; explore accelerating the asylum process; and give adequate shelter to those awaiting decisions.
11. Work with the UNHCR to establish processing centres in Mexico and Central America so that those forcibly displaced can seek U.S. refugee recognition from the safety of neighbouring countries.
12. Give COMAR financial help and training, especially to expand regional offices; and set up mobile units along the border and migration routes.
13. Assist Mexican authorities and NGOs with programs to help integrate refugees, including initiatives to help them find health care, training, employment and psychosocial support, when necessary.
14. Address the push factors that impel Central Americans to leave the northern triangle by extending support for the Alliance for Prosperity for five years, with targeted programs to address community violence prevention, institutional reform and poverty.
15. Help regional governments replicate effective community-based violence prevention programs, partner with the private sector to create jobs and undertake police and justice sector reforms like those exemplified by the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala.
16. Halt deportation of undocumented youths by offering Temporary Protected Status (TPS) until countries of origin have effective education and job training programs; and provide resources to that end, so as to avoid sending them back to violent neighbourhoods where they risk forced gang recruitment.

For the full report click here.

By Joyeeta Bhattacharjee*

Bangladesh has been on the world terror radar for quite a long time now. But the recent militant attack in Dhaka at an upscale café on July 1, which killed 22 people, including 20 foreigners and security personnel, has focused global attention on the rising militancy in the country. And it has also raised doubts about the country’s counter terrorism strategy.

In January 2009, after forming the government, the ruling Awami League had declared a policy of zero tolerance for terror and had acted on militant groups. Following these actions, Bangladesh was considered as a success model for counter terrorism. However, the July 1 incident signals the growing influence of militant organisations in the country. Now, there is an urgent need for a fresh understanding of the problem to effectively tackle the rising militancy.

The Dhaka attack, executed by a group of educated and armed militants, was the bloodiest act of terror in the history of Bangladesh. The militants seized the the Holey Artisan restaurant in the posh Gulshan area in capital Dhaka, for around 11 hours. The government had to deploy armed military commandos to end the hostage drama which saw the killing of 18 foreigners and four Bangladeshis, including two members of the law enforcement agency. It is worth noting that the militants were able to hold back the security forces for 11 long hours, pointing out that superior training. Another important point was that while earlier the militants used to be from madrasa-educated lot, this attack was done by young boys from affluent families, with liberal education. This proved wrong the popular belief that poverty and employment are the motivations to join jihad.

International terror organisation Islamic State (IS) has claimed responsibility for the attack. However, the government has expressed reservations on the IS claim and said it was organised by a native group. Initial investigation suggests that local group Jamaatul Mujahedeen Bangladesh (JMB) is behind the incident.

Increasing militancy?

Since 2013, Bangladesh has been witnessing escalation in the activities of the militant groups. The killing of blogger Rajib Haider, an activist of the Shahbag movement which supported criminals of the liberation war of 1971, had attracted attention to the new tide of militancy. The militants have targeted bloggers, writers and publishers who are critical of their ideology. Also, the militant groups are targeting religious minorities, international aid workers, sects of Islam, including Shias and Ahmediyas. They have not even spared Islamic religious cleric who does not adhere to their ideas. Initially, home-grown groups like Ansarul Bangla Team (ABT) were considered the perpetrators of violence. Of late, there is speculation about the presence of international groups like Islamic State and Al-Qaida. The reason for such doubts is that these groups have been claiming responsibility for various incidents of militant violence. However, the government is denying the presence of such international groups. Irrespective of the debate about whether the militant groups are indigenous or foreign, there is no doubt that militancy has increased in the country. Till July 3, 2016, at least 71 people have died this year. In 2011, the figure was zero. What are the reasons for the increasing militancy?

Militancy is not new to Bangladesh. Nor are the links of its militant groups with international organisations. Harkatul Jihad Bangladesh (Huji-B), the country’s first militant group, was formed in 1992 by the veterans of the Afghan Jihad. The group was notorious for its links with Al Qaeda. Its leader, Abdur Rashid, was a signatory to Osama Laden’s International Islamic Front (IIF). Also, Huji was known for its close links with the Pakistan-based militant organisations like Lashkar-e-Toiba. The militant groups maintained a low profile during the 1990s. Their activities got a quantum jump during the regime of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) government (2001 to 2006). During this period, militants attacked cultural activists, judges, minorities — every aspect of the society that was opposite to their ideology. They wanted to establish sariah in Bangladesh.  In a major act of violence, militant organisation Jamaat ul-Mujahedeen Bangladesh (JMB) carried out massive countrywide bomb blasts in August 2005. More than 500 bombs exploded in one single day across the country. The incumbent BNP government was held responsible for the rise in the militancy. It was accused of showing leniency towards the militant groups. Some of the ministers were even accused of having links with such groups.  In the December 2008 elections, counter terrorism became a major agenda for the Awami League.

See the list of fatalities due to militancy from 2005 to 2016:

Counter terror measures

The Awami League won the elections with the agenda of counter terrorism. After taking charge in early January 2009, the government rightly give its highest priority to countering militancy and terrorism. The government undertook a comprehensive programme of military actions, enactment of laws, community mobilisations, among others. It launched a massive country-wide drives against militancy, resulting in the arrest of a large number of militants. The military actions disturbed the network of militants substantially. The government also imposed bans on six groups, including JMB, Huji, ATB.

As part of the counter militancy or counter terrorism measures, the government also took actions against groups in India which were operating in that country. Bangladesh’s action against India’s insurgents played a crucial role in strengthening its bilateral relations with India.

To support the counter terrorism efforts, the government also enacted the country’s first anti-terrorism law in 2009.  The law was amended in 2013.  To cripple terror through controlling financing, the government also formulated the Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2012.

With a firm belief that madrasas are the major source of cadres for the militant groups, the government took steps to reform the education policy of the country.  In 2010, it adopted a new national education policy that emphasised on inclusion of chapters on counter terrorism in the curriculum. Apart from this, the government also emphasised on community involvement in counter terrorism by encouraging engagement of civil society, cultural organisations and social activists in developing a counter narrative and awareness building against militancy. Realising that in the globalised world, the fight against terrorism cannot be won alone, as militant groups have international linkages, the government signed agreements with countries like India and the US. In spite of these various steps, it looks like counter terrorism measures have failed, if one goes by the trend of happenings.

What’s lacking?

It is very difficult to assess the accurate reasons for the growth of the militancy. Some observers believe that the government’s intention to make Bangladesh free of militancy was noble and yielded results in the short-term, with abundance of enthusiasm. But later on, the counter terror campaigns began to lose steam as more importance was given to military actions and softer measures were almost neglected. Also, the military actions failed to neutralise the militant groups which changed their strategy.  They maintained a low profile and resurfaced whenever they got an opportunity. The uncovering of the existence of the JMB network in India, following the Burdwan blast in West Bengal in October 2014, showed the strength of the terror network.

However, there are also analysts who see the terror problem as part of the global issue. They argue that this issue is not mere a Bangladesh issue and should be seen in a global perspective, pointing out that countries across the globe are suffering from militancy and radicalisation. They say Bangladesh, unlike so many other Muslim countries, has the distinction of being a Muslim country with a liberal society. Its nature of Islam is also different from many parts of the world as it follow Sufi tradition. Another point they make is that the country stresses on linguistic and cultural identity (Bengali) more than its religion.

But the fact is that there is a change in Bangladesh because of the spread of religious revivalist movements like Wahhabism, which claims to be the purest form of Isam. Many of the militant organisations are supporters of such revivalist movements. Such movements have gained popularity across the globe and Bangladesh is no exception. The problem is that Bangladesh has become complex due to the presence of its diaspora abroad, mainly in countries like Saudi Arabia. The diaspora often influenced by the Wahhabi sect send back funds to spread its ideology. The social media, as in other countries across the world, plays a big role in spreading the ideology.

The politics of the country should also share the blame. Ruling Awami League is blaming opposition BNP for the sudden rise in the militancy. The argument in support of the claim is that BNP is frustrated with the government, being in power for the second consecutive term, as it did not participate in the 2014 elections. The party wanted to topple the government, but its attempts failed. Now, they think the militancy would discredit the government. Another point is that the BNP is trying to dislodge the government because of its action against the war criminals. A tribunal is trying these criminals who had sided with Pakistani army during the 1971 liberation war. Many leaders of the BNP and Jamaat-e-Islami are facing the trials.

Analysts also blame the government as they think the zeal and sincerity shown earlier (in the initial years 2009) seemed to be missing now. Contrarily, the government is accused of being softer on the radicals. Activities like arrests of bloggers on charges of blasphemy, reaching out to groups like Hafajat-e-Islami (the group notorious for taking seize of Dhaka demanding death penalty of the bloggers who criticise Islam) has created a feeling of discontentment among the people. Besides, the government was also accused of being causal in resolving the cases of militancy. Such attitudes have emboldened the militant groups, the analysts argue.

Way forward

In the aftermath of the Dhaka attack in July, counter terrorism has got a fresh momentum. The government has reiterated its pledge for zero tolerance to militancy and terrorism and has sought the cooperation of the people in achieving this objective. It has asked the parents to report missing of their children while it told law enforcement agencies to investigate these cases urgently. The youths involved in the Dhaka attack had gone missing before they undertook the assault. The government has also started cracking down on the militant groups with fresh vigour and enthusiasm. Again, steps are also being taken to check the spread of propaganda via social and electronic media by banning channels like the Peace TV, the channel run by Indian preacher Zakir Naik. The steps taken by the government has been encouraging. But it is just the beginning of a long process, because experiences suggest that countering militancy and terrorism needs persistent efforts. Along with military actions, there is a need to look into the factors that motivate people to join these group.  As a way forward, the government can consider the following steps:

• Investigate all terror incidents sincerely and arrest the culprits and take the cases to the logical conclusion. This will help government to win the confidence of people and encourage them to cooperate with it.
• Continue the thrust on the counter militancy and insurgency drives.
• Give more emphasis to de-radicalisation campaigns and measures.
• Need for capacity building of the security forces as the Dhaka attack has shown that the terrorists have improved their striking capability.
• Need to investigate the presence of AQIS/IS in the country and their links with the home grown militant organisations.

India beware

The close geographical, linguistic and cultural proximity with Bangladesh make India vulnerable to developments in the neighbouring country. The rise in militancy might lead to the exodus of minorities into India. There is also concerns about peace and stability in the bordering region. Communities residing in the border not only speak the same language, but also have familial ties making them vulnerable to be influenced by the ideologies of these groups. Past experiences suggest that the militant groups in Bangladesh had close ties with Pakistan and they were often used to transit terror in India. The rise in militancy may turn the country to be major transit point for countries like Pakistan to harbour terror in India. To tackle the challenges, a comprehensive border management plan is necessary. Some of measures could include vigilance at the border, coordination between border guards and law enforcement agencies and community involvement in the border management. Engagement with the communities living in the bordering areas will be helpful in monitoring the movement of militant groups and to neutralise or check the influence of these groups.

*Joyeeta Bhattacharjee is a Fellow with ORF’s Neighbourhood Regional Studies Initiative. She specialises in India’s neighbourhood policy, especially the eastern arch; Bangladesh’s domestic politics and foreign policy; border management; conflict and conflict resolution in India’s northeast; and gender concerns.

At least 7,000 armed police in heavy vehicles surrounded the Incirlik air base used by NATO forces in Adana in what a Turkish minister called a “security check.” With no official explanation, speculations have arisen about a new coup attempt or VIP visit.

Hurriyet reported earlier that Adana police had been tipped off about a new coup attempt, and forces were immediately alerted. The entrance to the base was closed off.

Security forces armed with rifles and armored TOMA vehicles used by Turkish riot police could be seen at the site in photos taken by witnesses.

Turkey’s minister for EU Affairs downplayed the situation in a Twitter post, saying a “security inspection” was carried out.

“We did the general security check. There is nothing wrong,” he tweeted from Adana.

Some supporters of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan have reportedly flocked to the cordon surrounding the base. The scene, however, did not appear as massive and tense as the recent Adana protests demanding for the base to be shut down.

On Thursday, a huge rally marched towards the NATO base, as people with loudspeakers chanted anti-American and anti-Israel slogans. The demonstrators claim that the US had a hand in the failed July 15 coup attempt in which 270 people died. Tens of thousands people, including members of the military, police, judiciary, media, and civil service, have been arrested in connection with the coup, which Turkish officials say was organized by US-based cleric Fethullah Gulen, Erdogan’s former ally, who is now his most hated rival.

n the wake of the coup attempt, several military officials at the Incirlik Air Base, including its commander, General Bekir Ercan Van, were arrested on treason charges by Turkish authorities, which claimed that one of the rogue F-16 planes taking part in the rebellion to overthrow Erdogan’s government had been refueled there.

The general had even reportedly attempted to seek asylum in the US, but his plea was apparently rejected.

Incirlic Air Base is used by both the Turkish and US militaries and is vital to the US-led anti-terror bombing campaign in Syria and Iraq. It also serves as one of six NATO storage sites for US tactical nuclear weapons in Europe. The exact number of nuclear bombs kept at the base is unknown, although, according to various estimates, it may store up to 90 warheads.

The US-led coalition’s airstrikes had to be halted for several days when power was cut at the base. US military personnel stationed there had to switch to an internal power supply.

The “inspection” at the base comes as the Turkish government announced a sweeping military reform on Saturday. In an interview with TV broadcaster A-Haber, Erdogan unveiled plans to scrap all military academies and replace them with a new national defense university.

The commanders of the different branches of the Turkish armed forces are to be put under the defense minister’s chain of command. In addition, Erdogan wants the National Intelligence Organization (MIT) and military chief of staff to report directly to him, which would require a new constitutional amendment to be passed by the parliament.

It also comes on the eve of a visit from a top US military official, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joseph Dunford, who is scheduled to arrive in Turkey on Sunday. Diplomatic sources quoted by Hurriyet claim Dunford will visit both Ankara and Incirlik.

Lately, the tactics of local police departments have been in the news because of mass shootings at Orlando and Fort Myers nightclubs, questionable police killings of civilians in suburban St. Paul and Baton Rouge, and retaliatory slayings of police in Baton Rouge and Dallas. Some commentators have argued convincingly that the militarization of police departments has caused the use of aggressive policing, which has in turn spawned counter-violence, resulting in the death of innocent police officers.

In the recent orgy of violence, one notable incident of police militarization was the jury-rigged bomb used in Dallas to kill a shooter of police. The police used C-4, a powerful military-grade explosive, that was attached to a police robot, normally used defensively to safely dispose of bombs, to offensively attack and kill the shooter. The use of such a questionable tactic was overshadowed by the deaths and funerals of the innocent slain officers.

Although before detonating the bomb, the Dallas police thought they had cleared the college building in which the shooter was sheltering; unbeknownst to them, students remained in the building. Also, in addition to the higher possibility of killing innocent bystanders than by killing the shooter with expert marksmen from a SWAT team, an even bigger danger of using a bomb is starting fires that can spread uncontrollably. In 1985, police in Philadelphia—seemingly the only other time in U.S. history that police have used a bomb against holed up criminals—dropped an explosive device from a helicopter on a house occupied by the Move group. The raging fire that ensued destroyed more than 60 homes over a multiple block area in that city.

The Dallas police chief defended using the robot-delivered bomb by saying that he would have done anything to avoid more police deaths. That is understandable reasoning but flawed, because although lives of professional law enforcement personnel are very important, the use of such indiscriminate battlefield weapons may unreasonably endanger the lives of the innocent citizens the police are sworn to protect.

Under the rules of war, militaries are permitted to kill civilians or destroy their property, even if such collateral damage is deemed likely before an attack, if the target is militarily critical. That reasoning is unacceptable for police departments, given their primary mission of protecting the public. The militarization of police with SWAT teams, armored vehicles, etc. is threatening enough to citizens’ liberty without the unnecessary use of military-grade explosives to endanger the civilians whose welfare they are supposed to be safeguarding.

And if the police are being militarized at home, the military has lately been used as a police force overseas. Instead of fighting other uniformed armed forces, the U.S. military has been bogged down in fighting police actions against non-uniformed guerrilla forces, which attack and then blend back into the population. As the U.S. military gradually learned during the Vietnam War and has had to painfully relearn in the quagmires in Afghanistan and Iraq, the use of the heavy firepower, normally used against regular foreign armies, is counterproductive against elusive guerrillas. The more civilians that are killed, the more the rising rage among the local populace leads to the recruitment of additional guerrilla fighters from their midst. Thus, eventually in all three wars, the military was forced to adopt what are called counterinsurgency (COIN) tactics, which have a primary goal of protecting the local population and even wining their “hearts and minds,” rather than simply killing guerrillas. If this sounds like what a police force would do, it is.

In my recent book, The Failure of Counterinsurgency: Why Hearts and Minds Are Seldom Won, I explain why these less aggressive COIN tactics have a better chance of succeeding when fighting guerrillas than simply blasting away with heavy firepower. Yet historically, even COIN tactics usually have failed because foreign police forces and social workers—essentially the roles the U.S. military is assuming in such conflicts—rarely have the local legitimacy to tame and even remodel faraway countries with vastly different cultures from that of foreign occupiers. And such overseas bogs have worn out the military and also impeded it from training to fight uniformed foreign armed forces in conventional battles, which are still the biggest threat to U.S. security. Thus, the best solution is to avoid such brushfire wars—usually in places in the developing world not very important to U.S. security—which require the use of such police tactics.

So the military is being used for policing and “nation building” overseas at the expense of U.S. security, and the police here at home are being militarized—the aggressive tactics of which threaten the safety of U.S. citizens, their property, and their civil liberties, which make America unique. This trading of places should be reversed for the sake of preserving the republic, its security, and what it stands for.

This article was published at The Huffington Post and reprinted with permission.

By Elena Kosolapova

The Georgian Ministry of Energy has no information on the conclusion of contracts for the import of Iranian gas to the country, Mariam Valishvili, Georgia’s deputy energy minister, told Trend.

Earlier, the Iranian IRNA news agency reported with reference to the country’s Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zanganeh that the test agreement on the export of Iranian gas to Georgia via Armenia has been concluded.

Valishvili added that the Georgian government has not concluded the contracts for such gas supply.

“Theoretically, private companies can sign such a contract,” she said. “The Georgian legislation does not forbid it. However, in this case, these contracts must be submitted to the Georgian government for registration. But the government did not obtain such contracts.”

“Moreover, the Georgian gas pipeline infrastructure is controlled by the state,” she added. “Private companies and the Georgian government must sign a contract on gas supply within the country. Such contracts were not signed either.”

“We have no idea about the volumes, companies which signed a contract and the area from which the gas will be supplied,” she said.

She also said that in case of the need of ensuring the supply of Iranian gas to Georgia, gas can be supplied via both Armenia and Azerbaijan as there is the necessary infrastructure on the border of both countries.

“If the issue is swap supplies by using transit infrastructure from Iran to Georgia and from Russia to Armenia, this should be discussed in quadripartite format, rather than bilateral,” she added. “Such talks were not conducted.”

She stressed that Iran is a major supplier of gas to the world markets and Georgia has repeatedly talked about its interest in Iranian gas purchases in the future.

“The preliminary working meetings on this issue were held,” she said. “But for several months the meetings were not held and visits were not made to discuss this topic. The Georgian government does not hold any specific negotiations on this issue.”

At present, Azerbaijan is the main supplier of gas to Georgia. Small volumes are also supplied from Russia.

By Matt Hadro

As the 2016 Democratic Party platform insists on a “progressive” notion of religious freedom, what might that look like in policy?

The platform’s language must be interpreted “within the wider context of both the platform and what they [Democrats] have actually done over the last eight years,” Dr. Matthew Bunson, an EWTN senior contributor, explained to CNA.

The platform, being a “far-left document,” he said, should be “seen through that lens of placing the rights of LGBT people at a clear legal advantage. Politically as well, and as far as they’re concerned, socially.”

As the Republican Party platform included two sections on domestic and international religious freedom, the Democratic Party platform featured two sections on promoting LGBT rights both at home and abroad.

Most of the platform’s focus on domestic religious freedom had to do with Republican nominee Donald Trump’s rhetoric towards Muslims, as well as his proposal of religious tests for immigrants and refugees looking to enter the country. Trump has previously advocated for an indefinite ban on Muslims from entering the country, for security reasons.

Although “conscience” was specifically mentioned in the 1996 Democratic platform on abortion – “we respect the individual conscience of each American on this difficult issue” – there is no mention of “conscience” in the current platform, Bunson noted. Clinton has gone so far as to say at the 2015 Women in the World Summit that “deep-seated cultural codes, religious beliefs, and structural biases have to be changed,” after discussing “critical access to reproductive health care.”

After the party affirmed its support for “religious freedom” in 2008, the term disappeared entirely from the 2012 platform, only to re-appear in 2016 in a different light.

Within the LGBT rights section, one sentence mentioned religious freedom:“We support a progressive vision of religious freedom that respects pluralism and rejects the misuse of religion to discriminate.”

As Bunson stated, a “progressive” take on religious freedom could cede the ground to LGBT concerns when they come into conflict with the free exercise of religion. This is already playing out – or has played out – in some cases, as when Catholic Charities adoption agencies in Illinois and the Distric of Columbia were forced to close because they wouldn’t match children with same-sex couples. A florist in Oregon had to shutter her business for refusing to serve a same-sex wedding.

Rights of conscience might be trampled by LGBT rights in courts and in federal regulation, Bunson explained. “So it’ll be enshrined in health care, it’ll be enshrined in civil rights legislation,” he said.

Earlier this year, the Office of Civil Rights proposed expanding anti-discrimination protections in health care under the Affordable Care Act. The proposals would include prohibiting discrimination for “sex stereotypes,” meaning that certain sex-specific treatments like for “gender transition” would have to be performed if requested.

Democrats have also been pushing the Equality Act, also endorsed by Hillary Clinton, in the House and Senate, though they have not had the majority needed to advance the bill. The act would set up sweeping anti-discrimination protections for sexual orientation and gender identity in many areas, such as housing, education, and health care.

The problem with the bill’s language is that it is so broad it could easily infringe on the religious beliefs of those morally opposed to same-sex marriage or transgenderism, legal experts warned.

Elsewhere in the platform, the party condemned the GOP nominee Donald Trump’s rhetoric about Muslims, in the name of religious freedom:

“We reject Donald Trump’s vilification of Muslims. It violates the religious freedom that is the bedrock of our country and feeds into ISIS’ nefarious narrative.”

Regading religious minorities, the platform says the party is “horrified by ISIS’ genocide and sexual enslavement of Christians and Yezidis and crimes against humanity against Muslims and others in the Middle East. We will do everything we can to protect religious minorities and the fundamental right of freedom of religion.”

The platform also insists on promoting LGBT rights abroad. “Democrats believe that LGBT rights are human rights and that American foreign policy should advance the ability of all persons to live with dignity, security, and respect, regardless of who they are or who they love,” it stated.

“We will continue to stand with LGBT people around the world, including fighting efforts by any nation to infringe on LGBT rights or ignore abuse.”

The Obama State Department has already been doing this, Bunson explained, in putting LGBT rights “at the top of their list for international diplomatic initiatives.”

“If that’s the case, then we will see a continuation and probably an expansion of that, as an instrument of American diplomatic efforts that could equal the disenfranchising of countries that continue to support traditional marriage, that place limitations on certainly what the State Department and White House would view as LGBT rights,” he continued.

By Dr Subhash Kapila

In July 2016, Pakistan suddenly finds itself in India’s diplomatic crosshairs due to its political over-reach on Kashmir by Pakistan’s apex levels attempting to maximise Pakistan-generated unrest in Kashmir Valley.

India has put Pakistan on notice by what amounts to a calibrated downgrade of diplomatic relations with Pakistan. Yesterday, India’s decision to ask Indian diplomats to withdraw their children from schools in Islamabad and send them back to India or abroad obviously indicates that India may be contemplating stronger diplomatic responses Pakistan’s continued vitriolism on Kashmir Valley unrest.

Pakistan currently has politically and militarily over-reached itself on Kashmir Valley unrest orchestrated by it. It even led Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif to grandiosely assert that Kashmir would soon be part of Pakistan. While this assertion may be under Pakistan Army Chief’s pressures or domestic politics compulsions, the fact remains that the Pakistani establishment has miscalculated India’s responses on this issue
.
Pakistan’s miscalculations may have been prompted by the timid responses of the previous Government which for ten long years followed a ‘Pakistan Appeasement’ policy.
Pakistan seems to have been further emboldened that India under PM Narendra Modi in its first two years virtually toed the same line vainly hoping that Pakistan under PM Nawaz Sharif may change course in its policies towards India.

With no positive changes in Pakistan’s attitudinal obsessions on India, the space for PM Modi continuing the above policy has shrunk. Indian public opinion now presses for decisive actions to stop Pakistan from its destabilising the Kashmir Valley through spurious Kashmiri separatists’ leaders and exploiting the religion of Islam for political ends.

Pakistan itself has placed itself squarely in India’s diplomatic cross-hairs and one can expect a sequential hardening of Indian responses henceforth in direct proportion to Pakistani establishment’s provocations against India.

India in line with the above has a host of options open to it ranging from downgrading diplomatic relations with Pakistan restricted to consular functions, declaring Pakistan as a terrorist state, boycotting the forthcoming SAARC Summit in Islamabad and in a last resort to finally break-off diplomatic relations.

Indian public opinion is heavily weighted against Pakistan’s continued provocative obsessions to invite Kashmir Valley separatists’ leaders to the Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi on various pretexts. But the Pakistani establishment is dismissive of Indian public opinion oblivious to the fact that in India unlike Pakistan public opinion weighs heavily.

Pakistan Army Chiefs including those who usurped political power through military coups have always ended up with grave miscalculations on Indian responses to Pakistani military provocations leading to their eventual downfall. The present Pakistan Army Chief, General Raheel Sharif, drunk heavily on domestic inspired calls for military rule in Pakistan may be tempted to over-reach himself in terms of provocations- generation in Kashmir Valley.

This could then be a dangerous inflexion point where Pakistan presently in Indian diplomatic cross-hairs may lead Pakistan into Indian military cross-hairs. Nuclear bravado of Pakistan Army is an over-hyped myth more arising from erstwhile Western interests over Afghanistan. Additionally, as reflected in my strategic writings of a decade ago, was the military reality that use of Pakistani strategic nuclear weapons or now the much vaunted tactical nuclear weapons ‘is not a commando raid’. It would invite a possible self- destruction of the Pakistan nation-state.

Pakistan has been ratcheting –up both the offensive rhetoric against India and so also its disruptive activities in the Kashmir Valley. This could have unintended consequences for Pakistan’s security and stability in an environment in which Pakistan stands virtually isolated internationally.

In conclusion, therefore, one fervently hopes that saner voices within Pakistan and amongst Pakistan’s limited international friends would advise the Pakistani establishment not to box much above its strategic weight.

New research has found methylmercury — a potent neurotoxin — in sea ice in the Southern Ocean.

Published today in the journal Nature Microbiology, the results are the first to show that sea-ice bacteria can change mercury into methylmercury, a more toxic form that can contaminate the marine environment, including fish and birds.

If ingested, methylmercury can travel to the brain, causing developmental and physical problems in foetuses, infants and children.

The findings were made by an international team of researchers led by Ms Caitlin Gionfriddo and Dr John Moreau from the University of Melbourne, and also included scientists from the Centre for Systems Genomics at the University of Melbourne, the US Geological Survey and Lawrence Livermore National Lab.

Methylmercury builds up in the food web through a process called ‘biomagnification’, said Ms Gionfriddo, PhD candidate from the School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne.

“Larger fish eat smaller contaminated fish, and continuously accumulate methylmercury at harmful levels for human consumption,” Ms Gionfriddo said.

The team wanted to understand more about how the most toxic form of mercury enters the marine environment, and the food we eat.

Ms Gionfriddo spent two months aboard the icebreaker Aurora Australis to collect samples of Antarctic sea ice during an expedition mounted by the Australian Antarctic Division.

The ice was analysed for different forms of mercury, including methylmercury, at the US Geological Survey in Wisconsin (USA). The DNA and proteins from sea ice microorganisms were studied at the University of Melbourne (AUS) and Lawrence Livermore National Lab (USA).

Mercury is a heavy metal pollutant that can be released into the environment through volcanic eruptions and re-released from vegetation during bushfires. It is also created through human activity, such as gold smelting and burning fossil fuels.

University of Melbourne geomicrobiologist and team leader, Dr John Moreau, said that the results confirmed the presence of bacteria in the sea ice with the genetic ability to convert mercury into the more toxic form.

These findings highlight the importance of eliminating mercury pollution from the environment, and following current recommendations to limit consumption of certain types of fish[1], say the researchers.

“These results are the first to identify a particular genus of bacteria, Nitrospina, as capable of producing methylmercury in Antarctic ice,” Dr Moreau said.

“The presence of these potential mercury-methylating bacteria raises an interesting question,” he added. “Could they also play a role in forming the methylmercury observed in the oceans worldwide?”

The team are keen to understand this process in the next steps of their research.

“Mercury has a long lifecycle in the atmosphere, up to a year,” said co-author Dr Robyn Schofield. “This means that mercury released through fossil fuel burning from countries over 3000 km away goes up in the atmosphere and ends up in Antarctica.”

“The deposition of mercury into the sea occurs all year-long but increases during the Antarctic spring, when the sunlight returning causes reactions that boost the amount of mercury that falls onto sea ice and the ocean,” Ms Gionfriddo added.

“We need to understand more about marine mercury pollution,” said Dr Moreau, “Particularly in a warming climate and when depleted fish stocks means more seafood companies are looking south.”

A potential new health concern related to excessive alcohol consumption, has been discovered in a study led by researchers from Loyola Medicine and Loyola University Chicago.

Adults who drink excessively were found to have less nitric oxide in their exhaled breath than adults who don’t drink. The finding, published in the journal Chest, is significant because nitric oxide helps protect against certain harmful bacteria.

“Alcohol appears to disrupt the healthy balance in the lung,” said lead author Majid Afshar, MD, MSCR. Dr. Afshar is a Loyola Medicine pulmonologist and an assistant professor in the division of pulmonary and critical care medicine and department of public health sciences of Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine.

This is the first study to report such a link between excessive alcohol consumption and nitric oxide.

Dr. Afshar is among the 50 researchers in Loyola’s Alcohol Research Program who are studying the effects of alcohol on multiple organ systems. They are researching the molecular, cellular and physiological responses to acute, binge and chronic alcohol consumption. Studies center on endocrine, gastrointestinal, immune, nervous and skeletal systems.

Dr. Afshar and colleagues examined data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES). NHANES conducts interviews and physical examinations to assess the health and nutritional status of Americans.

The Loyola researchers examined data from 12,059 adults who participated in NHANES between 2007 and 2012. Excessive drinkers were defined as heavy drinkers (more than one drink per day on average for women and more than two drinks per day for men) and people who binge drink at least once per month (four or more drinks per occasion for women and five or more drinks for men).

In the sample population researchers examined, 26.9 percent of the participants were excessive drinkers. After controlling for asthma, smoking, diet, demographics and other factors, researchers found that exhaled nitric oxide levels were lower in excessive drinkers than in adults who never drink, and the more alcohol an excessive drinker consumed, the lower the level of nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide is a colorless gas produced by the body during respiration. A nitric oxide molecule consists of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom. Nitric oxide and similar molecules play an important role in killing bacteria that cause respiratory infections.

In an asthma patient, the amount of exhaled nitric oxide in a breath test provides a good indication of how well the patient’s medication is working. Excessive alcohol consumption might complicate the results of such tests. “Lung doctors may need to take this into consideration,” Dr. Afshar said.

Dr. Afshar and colleagues concluded: “Accounting for alcohol use in the interpretation of [exhaled nitric oxide] levels should be an additional consideration, and further investigations are warranted to explore the complex interaction between alcohol and nitric oxide in the airways.”

A remnant population of woolly mammoths on a remote Alaska island was likely pushed to extinction by rising sea levels and a lack of access to fresh water, according to a newly published study.

By analyzing layers of a dated sediment core from a lake on St. Paul Island, researchers determined that mammoths went extinct on the island roughly 5,600 years ago, thousands of years after remnant mainland populations died off. The study also indicated that the Bering Sea island experienced a phase of dry conditions and declining water quality at about the same time the mammoths vanished.

The results were published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Matthew Wooller, director of the Alaska Stable Isotope Facility at the University of Alaska Fairbanks and a co-author of the study, said past events on St. Paul Island provided a unique opportunity for research. Mammoths were trapped there when rising sea levels submerged the Bering Sea land bridge, and survived about 5,000 years longer than isolated mainland populations. There is no evidence of people having lived on the island during the era.

In 2013, a team of researchers collected a sediment core from the bed of one of the few freshwater lakes on St. Paul Island. Wooller and fellow UAF researcher Kyungcheol Choy measured the stable oxygen isotope ratios of the prehistoric remains of aquatic insects preserved in the sediment from before, during and after the extinction of mammoths from the island.

The remains of aquatic organisms living in lakes retain water isotope signatures within their bodies, which allowed researchers studying their exoskeletons to determine that lake levels had diminished. The remains of diatoms and aquatic invertebrates from the core also changed over time, indicating decreasing lake levels and water quality leading up to the mammoth extinction.

Nitrogen isotope analyses of dated mammoth bones and teeth also signaled progressively drier conditions leading up to the extinction event. Wooller said these “multiple lines of evidence” of decreasing lake levels provide a strong case for what led to the animals’ extinction.

“It paints a dire picture of the situation for these mammoths,” Wooller said. “Freshwater resources look like the smoking gun for what pushed them into this untenable situation.”

The study not only determined one of the best-dated prehistoric extinctions, using state-of-the-art techniques on ancient mammoth DNA preserved in the lake core from St. Paul Island, it also showed the vulnerability of small island populations to environmental change.

St. Paul Island gradually shrank to its current size of 110 square kilometers as sea levels rose, reducing the opportunities for mammoths to find new areas with water. Conditions incrementally changed for about 2,000 years before mammoths went extinct.

Modern climate change could shift conditions more rapidly, which could make the story of prehistoric St. Paul Island relevant today, Wooller said.

Following the murder of Fr. Jacques Hamel by terrorists who pledged allegiance to the Islamic State, Muslims across France and Italy attended Mass on Sunday in a show of solidarity with Catholics.

“We’re very touched. It’s an important gesture of fraternity,” Archbishop Dominique Lebrun of Rouen told a French television station July 31, the BBC reported.

“They’ve told us, and I think they’re sincere, that it’s not Islam which killed Jacques Hamel.”

The initiative was created by the French Center for Muslim Worship, which was joined by the Italian Muslim Religious Community.

“We want to say no to this new racism,” a Catholic who attended a Mass along with several imams at the Roman minor basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere told CNA. “We are not afraid … we are here because we are all brothers, as Jesus teaches us.”

Fr. Hamel was killed July 26 by two Islamic State terrorists while saying Mass in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, a suburb of Rouen. The assailants took hostages, and were themselves shot dead by police.

Mohammed Karabila, head of Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray’s mosque, was among those who attended Mass on Sunday. He said that “for me, it is very important to be here today. It should be shown physically, because until now the Muslim community did a lot of things that were not seen.”

“Today we wanted to show physically, by kissing the family of Jacques Hamel, by kissing His Grace Lebrun in front of everybody, so they know that the two communities are united.”

The murder of Fr. Hamel, as well as other recent Islamist attacks in France and elsewhere in Europe, have led to calls to boost mainstream Islam and to counter radicalization.

Manuel Valls, the French prime minister, has said the state should avoid “paternalism” toward Islam, but that “there is an urgent need to help Islam in France to rid itself of those who are undermining it from the inside.”

He added that “if Islam doesn’t help the Republic to fight those who challenge public freedoms, it will get harder for the Republic to guarantee this freedom of worship.”

Recent estimates suggest that Muslims constitute between seven and nine percent of France’s population; and many French immigrants are Muslim.

There have been concerns that Muslim immigrants are not well integrated into France’s mainstream culture, where laïcité, a strict form of public secularism, has been official government policy since 1905.

Veronica Giacometti contributed to this report.

Pope Francis said he would not identify Islam with “terrorism” because that would be unfair and not true, reports the Associated Press.

“It’s not right to identify Islam with violence. It’s not right and it’s not true,” Pope Francis told reporters mid-flight on his return from Poland July 31 after partaking in World Youth Day celebrations.

The pope was responding to a question on why he didn’t describe the murder of elderly French priest on July 26 by two supporters of the so-called Islamic State as Islamic terrorism.

“I believe that in every religion there is always a little fundamentalist group,” the pope said.

“I don’t like to talk of Islamic violence because every day, when I go through the newspapers (in Italy), I see violence, this man who kills his girlfriend, another who kills his mother-in-law,” he said.

“And these are baptized Catholics. If I speak of Islamic violence, then I have to speak of Catholic violence,” he explained.

“In Islam, not all are violent, not all the Catholics are violent. It’s like a fruit salad, everything’s in there.”

The pontiff said he speaks with Muslim clergy. “I know how they think, they are looking for peace.”

As for the Islamic State, the pope said it “presents itself with a violent identity card, but that’s not Islam,” reported Associated Press.