Quantcast
Channel: Eurasia Review
Viewing all 73742 articles
Browse latest View live

Globally, Tax Rate Policies Vary As Economies Continue To Reform Tax Compliance Systems

$
0
0

By

Economies around the world are adopting a range of policies as they strive to strike a balance between raising tax revenues and encouraging growth, according to a new report from the World Bank Group and PwC.

This year, 14 economies significantly increased their total tax obligations or the amount of tax a case study company has to pay, while 14 others lowered theirs. In most regions around the world, the rate of decline in the total amount the firm has to pay in taxes continues to slow. The study also reveals that since the study was initiated nine years ago, corporate income taxes have consistently fallen, while labor taxes borne by companies have been more stable and now represent the largest component of the total tax obligations.

The Paying Taxes 2014 report found that 32 economies continued to take steps during the period from June 2012 through June 2013 to make it easier to pay taxes. The study of tax regimes in 189 economies, released today, found that for the third consecutive year the most common tax reform was the introduction or improvement of online filing and payment systems for tax compliance. The compliance burden (the time to comply with tax obligations and the number of payments) has continued to fall in 2012, but the rate of decline has slowed.

“Revenue authorities around the world are taking steps to streamline and modernize payment systems. Taxpayers in 76 economies can now file tax returns electronically from virtually anywhere on the planet. The use of the latest technologies to enhance the quality of public services boosts transparency and, for many tax authorities, it is also allowing a broadening of the tax base, a development with beneficial macroeconomic implications,” said Augusto Lopez Claros, Director, Global Indicators and Analysis, World Bank Group.

The 2014 report finds that on average a medium-sized company has a total tax obligation of 43.1 percent of profits, making 26.7 payments and needing 268 hours to comply with its tax requirements.

“Reforming the tax system is essential and this study shows that it is not just corporate income tax that is important. It is also a case of making decisions around who needs to be taxed, how they will be taxed, and by how much,” said Andrew Packman, leader for Tax Transparency and Total Tax Contribution at PwC. “Trends in the international tax environment such as the globalization of business, increasing competition among countries for tax revenues, and the increasing proportion of company assets that are made up of intangibles such as brand names, software and know-how, require tax systems around the world to be updated to meet modern needs.”

Paying Taxes 2014 measures all mandatory taxes and contributions that a medium-sized firm must pay in a given year. Taxes and contributions measured include the profit or corporate income tax, social contributions and labour taxes paid by the employer, property taxes, property transfer taxes, dividend tax, capital gains tax, financial transactions tax, waste collection taxes, vehicle and road taxes, and other small taxes or fees.

The article Globally, Tax Rate Policies Vary As Economies Continue To Reform Tax Compliance Systems appeared first on Eurasia Review.


Iran’s Cultural Attaché Dies From Wounds In Beirut Attacks

$
0
0

By

Iran’s Cultural Attaché, who was injured in the terrorist explosions in Beirut, has died of wounds inflicted by the attack.

Mehr News reported that in today’s twin explosions near Iran’s embassy in Beirut 23 people were killed and 150 others wounded.

Five police forces guarding Iran’s embassy were also been killed.

The report said that Ebrahim Ansari, Iran’s Cultural Attaché who was hospitalized in Beirut’s al-Rasoul al-Azam hospital, died of wounds inflicted by the terrorist attack.

Reportedly, some Iranian nationals are also among the injured.

The article Iran’s Cultural Attaché Dies From Wounds In Beirut Attacks appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Slovenia’s Population Seen Shrink Constantly After 2020

$
0
0

By

Slovenia’s population will drop to some 1.82 million by 2060 after the total number of inhabitants in the country reaches its peak in 2021, according to projections by the Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development (IMAD).

By January 2012, Slovenia had a population of 2,055,496, which is 0.3 percent more than that of the previous year. However, it will face a period of constant population decline after 2020.

By 2060, Slovenia’s population should decrease by 240,000 people.

The government think-tank IMAD attributed the constant decrease to the growth of natural death, sub-replacement fertility and limited immigration.

Despite the population drop, life expectancy is expected to rise to 79 for men and 85 for women by 2025.

The article Slovenia’s Population Seen Shrink Constantly After 2020 appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Libya On Verge Of Disintegration – OpEd

$
0
0

By

By Osama Al Sharif

Libya is quickly turning into a failed state, amid Arab and international indifference, two years after the fall of the regime of Col. Muammar Qaddafi following foreign military intervention and a popular uprising.

The central government is weak and ineffective and armed militias continue to wreck havoc as they defy attempts to incorporate them into a regular national army. There is a state of chaos and lawlessness and the political process has come to a halt. Libyans are angry as state and local institutions fail to perform. In the east calls for separation are rising while there is evidence that Al-Qaeda-affiliated groups are active in the south and west. Libya’s oil production has been cut to half and the economy is suffering.

Last Friday’s massacre in Tripoli, where a Misrata militia opened fire on unarmed civilians protesting against the spread of violence and lawlessness in the capital, left at least 40 dead and scores injured.

It underlined the utter failure of the government of Prime Minister Ali Zidane in addressing the biggest threat to the country in the aftermath of the fall of the Qaddafi regime: The spread of armed brigades and militias and their refusal to disband. Zidane was abducted last month by gunmen who later released him. He accused two lawmakers in the National General Congress as well as an official of the country’s Counter Crime Agency of being behind his abduction. And earlier this week it was reported that Libyan intelligence chief General Yusuf Al-Atrash was killed and his deputy Mustafa Nah was abducted. The news coincided with Zidane’s call on all armed militias to leave Tripoli. The Misrata brigade had withdrawn from the capital for now, but there are no guarantees that they would not return. Now the US wants to train thousands of conventional troops but that could lead to future confrontations with heavily armed militiamen with various affiliations and loyalties.

In Benghazi local militias have distanced the oil-rich region from the central government and oil production has dropped from 1.5 million barrels daily to less than 600,000 barrels. Protesters have closed export terminals and an oil black market has emerged as so-called security guards are reported to be selling oil independently. Libya’s oil minister claimed that such disruptions have cost the country more than $1 billion in the past five months alone. The separatist self-declared autonomous Cyrenaica government is trying to sell oil independently after loyal militias took control of important export terminals.

The political process is dead. The National General Congress is dysfunctional and the government has been unable to engage political parties and groups, including the Islamists, in an open dialogue.

Furthermore, the Arab League has failed to address Libya’s turmoil, while the Europeans, who spearheaded the NATO intervention in 2011, can only express concern over the country’s instability. The fact is that Libya has been forgotten by the international community. The toppling of Qaddafi was followed by chaos and the US attempts to intervene were circumvented by the killing of the US ambassador in Benghazi last year. It is ironic that the threat to central authority and collapse of the state that is taking place in Libya today is also happening rapidly in Iraq, which also witnessed foreign military intervention. With over 300 militias combining a force of no less than 250,000, it is difficult to see how a weak and discredited government can find a way to disband these militias and brigades and extend its authority over various areas. The scenario for civil war in Libya is unfolding and that would hasten separatist moves to partition the country while allowing militants to form permanent bases in the south and west.

The dramatic fall of Qaddafi presented a different scenario for the future of the Libyan people. Libya is a vast country of six million inhabitants with access to huge oil and gas deposits making it one of the richest countries in the region. It was supposed to be a hopeful story amid the turmoil that followed the outbreak of the Arab Spring. But the reality is different. For decades Qaddafi had stymied the country’s political, social and cultural development. His departure had uncovered a myriad of problems and challenges. Today the biggest challenge for Libyans is to preserve their country’s territorial and demographic integrity. The alternative is a quick and unstoppable collapse.

Osama Al Sharif is a journalist and political commentator based in Amman. Email: alsharif.osama@gmail.com

The article Libya On Verge Of Disintegration – OpEd appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Georgia: Garibashvili Says Probe Underway Into Cases Of Forced Disappearance

$
0
0

By

(Civil.Ge) –  Georgia’s PM-designate and acting interior minister, Irakli Garibashvili, said “several hundred” people were victims of forced disappearance under the previous authorities.

He made the remarks during a meeting with GD parliamentary majority group as part of the parliamentary hearings ahead of the Wednesday’s vote of confidence. His remarks were made in response to a question by GD MP Victor Japaridze, who asked about disappearance of Davit Tsindeliani on August 16, 2008. Tsindeliani’s family says he was abducted by security officers and murdered after accusing him of espionage in favor of Russia – allegation which was denied by the previous leadership of the interior ministry.

“That was a reality when many people were disappearing. I am not speaking right now specifically about the Tsindeliani case, but in general there were many people who disappeared. We are carrying out an investigation into the several cases of disappearance. Unfortunately, and regrettably for the parliamentary minority group members, signs of a serious crime is emerging that persons mentioned by them were involved in abduction of various persons and their murder,” Garibashvili said responding to MP’s question.

Before his meeting with GD lawmakers, Garibashvili appeared before UNM parliamentary minority group during which one of the questions asked to him was related to the arrest of former security officer, Roman Shamatava, who is accused of carrying out 2008 Khurcha attack. UNM lawmakers were criticizing the authorities for arresting Shamatava, who as UNM MP Givi Targamadze put it, did “deeds of special importance for the homeland”.

“I do not want to make public all the details of the investigation, but I promise you that in the nearest future the public will learn how people were disappearing and what happened to them. These are very grave cases,” Garibashvili said.

“This is very alarming, when our compatriots were disappearing and their family members are still waiting for them; they believe that their loved ones are alive, although many of them, according to preliminary information, have been liquidated. Of course it requires to be proved and we will do our best to solve these cases,” he said.

“Leaving such grave cases unsolved is inadmissible. We are talking about several hundred people, several hundred, it’s not about one or two persons,” Garibashvili said.

“I do not want to make additional comment before the end of the investigation, but I can confirm that there were cases when people were abducted and killed,” he added.

The article Georgia: Garibashvili Says Probe Underway Into Cases Of Forced Disappearance appeared first on Eurasia Review.

China’s Easing Of One-Child Policy Is Not Enough – OpEd

$
0
0

By

By Gwynne Dyer

The big news of the week is that China’s one-child policy is being relaxed. After 34 years when most Chinese families were officially limited to only one child, most couples will now be allowed to have two children. The reality, however, is that it will make very little difference.

It will make little difference because only about one-third of Chinese couples were still living under those restrictions anyway. The one-child limit never applied to ethnic minorities, and in the past 15 years it has rarely applied to people living in rural areas either: Couples whose first child was a girl are almost always allowed to have a second child (in the hope that it will be a boy).

Controls were stricter in the cities, but if both prospective parents were only children themselves they were exempt from the limit. And people with enough money can just ignore the rules: the penalty for having a second child is just a stiff fine up front and the extra cost of raising a child who is not entitled to free education. (The fines are reported to have raised $2.12 billion for the state coffers last year alone.)

The net result of all this is that the China’s current fertility rate (the average number of children a woman will bear in a lifetime) is not 1.0, as it would be if there were a really strict one-child policy. According to United Nations statistics, it is 1.55, about the same as Canada. Which suggests that most Chinese who really wanted a second child got one.

The fertility rate in China had already dropped from 5.8 children per woman in 1970 to only 2.7 in 1978, the year before the one-child rule was introduced. It has since fallen to 1.55, but that might well have happened anyway. For comparison, Brazil’s fertility rate has dropped from 6.0 fifty years ago to 1.7 now without a one-child policy.

China’s National Population and Family Planning Commission claims that the one-child policy has spared the country an extra 400 million mouths to feed, but it would say that, wouldn’t it? The real number of births avoided by that policy is probably no more than 100 million in three decades. And if we accept these numbers, then three major conclusions follow.

The first is that the one-child policy is not the major culprit in China’s disastrous gender imbalance, with at least 120 boys born for every 100 girls. The social effects of this are very dangerous: By the end of this decade there will be 24 million “leftover” men who will never find a wife.

Any sane government would be terrified by the prospect of a huge army of unattached and dissatisfied young men hanging around the streets after work with nothing much to do. A regime with as little legitimacy as the Communists will be even more frightened by it. Unfortunately for them, ending the one-child policy will have little effect on this pattern.

The second conclusion we can draw from these statistics is that China’s population is going to drop whether the regime wants it or not. It will peak at or below 1.4 billion, possibly as soon as 2017, and then begin a long decline that will see it fall to 1.2 billion by 2050.

There’s nothing wrong with that in principle, but it exacerbates what is already the greatest threat to economic growth in China: The population’s rapidly rising average age. The big, old generations will be around for a long time, but the younger generations are getting smaller very fast. Indeed, the number of people in the 20-24 age group in China will halve in the next 10 years.

This means the dependency rate is going to skyrocket. In 1975, there were 7.7 people in the workforce for every person over sixty: by 2050, the ratio will be only 1.6 employed persons for every retiree.
No country has ever had to bear such a burden before, but ending the one-child policy won’t get the birth rate back up. The only way China could increase its workforce to lessen the burden is to open up the country to mass immigration. And what are the odds on that?

- Gwynne Dyer is a London-based independent journalist whose articles are published in 45 countries. Email: 76312.1476@compuserve.com

The article China’s Easing Of One-Child Policy Is Not Enough – OpEd appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Turkey Plays Key Diplomatic Role In Western Balkans

$
0
0

By

By Menekse Tokyay

Turkey’s role in promoting peace, stability and economic prosperity in the Western Balkans was the subject of a recent workshop that brought experts from across the region to Izmir.

Using its political relations, economic presence and civil society initiatives, Turkey’s soft power is having a positive impact on the Western Balkans, said experts who gathered at the November 1st event, organised by Yasar University.

Senada Selo Sabic from the Zagreb-based Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO) said Turkey has a great ambition to support and encourage peaceful resolution of conflicts in the Western Balkans. One such example was Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu’s 2010 mediation between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) that ended a three-year period in which BiH did not have an ambassador in Belgrade.

In May, Turkey, Serbia and BiH adopted the Ankara Summit Declaration, in which all three nations committed to promote good neighbourly relations and regional co-operation based on dialogue, tolerance and mutual understanding.

“However, neither Turkey nor any other mediator, like the European Union, can solve open issues among countries in the Western Balkans on their own,” Sabic told SETimes.

“What we need to see in the region is strengthening of the rule of law, fighting against corruption and organised crime, further democratisation. These processes stabilise individual countries and consequently the entire region,” she added, also emphasising the importance of economic growth and curbing high unemployment.

In addition to Turkey’s notable economic success, Sabic said the country’s renewed cultural influence through rebuilding Ottoman artifacts, conducting education programmes and marketing Turkish soap operas is creating a positive change in people’s minds.

“Politically, though, not much has been achieved in order to claim that there is a significant element of a particular Turkish type of effective peace implementation. For Turkey, to make a real and concrete impact, deeper knowledge of the region is necessary,” she added.

Sabic said perceptions among the diverse communities living in the Western Balkans regarding Turkey’s alleged intentions create an obstacle for public opinion, especially linked with its Ottoman past.

“Political elites of Muslims in the region tend to favour and endorse Turkish involvement while others remain reserved. Stereotypes change very slowly. If Turkey is truly interested to be an anchor of peace in the Western Balkans, it will need to show much more sensitivity toward and knowledge of local relations and fears,” Sabic said.

Orhan Dede, a Balkan expert from the Istanbul-based Wise Men Centre for Strategic Studies (BiLGESAM), acknowledged that an obstacle Turkey might always face is the negative image some Balkan communities have about Turkey as the sole inheritor of the Ottoman Empire.

“Any active movement in this region, particularly that addresses only Muslim or Turkish communities, would be met with suspicion, and speculations on Turkey being a revisionist state would immediately start,” he said.

Dede added that such concerns are crucial because the Balkans provide a direct land connection to Europe, which is still the top trading partner for Turkey. Therefore, the country’s policy makers should use carefully selected language when discussing the Western Balkans, he said.

Recently, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s speech in Prizren, Kosovo, saying, “Kosovo is Turkey, and Turkey is Kosovo,” was widely criticised in Serbia, which sought an apology for the remark, claiming it represented a serious violation of international law and interference in Serbia’s domestic affairs.

“Prejudices may well affect the possible projects that would produce fruitful results for both sides,” Dede said. “Turkish soap operas being widely watched in Balkan countries certainly cannot overcome those prejudices per se. Economic stagnation that resulted in reducing budgets of projects that try to promote integration, peace and stability between Balkan communities affected states’ desire like Turkey to establish a sustainable security in the region.”

Zhidas Daskalovski from the Macedonia Centre for Research and Policy Making said that in supporting states like Kosovo, Macedonia and BiH, Turkey has a positive role and influence in the region in establishing a peaceful environment.

Daskalovski said Turkey’s biggest impediment in such efforts is the fact that it is not an EU country, although its Muslim identity creates an advantage for some communities.

“Turkish image nowadays as an external power trying to implement peace in the region is positive with a small concern among the Christian population in the Balkans of the Turkish Islamic promotion domestically and in the Western Balkans,” he told SETimes.

“The perception in Macedonia about Turkey’s soft power through its governmental agencies, NGOs and statesmen visits is high as Turkey is a strong supporter of Macedonia both in NATO and in the EU enlargement process,” he added.

Dede pointed to the Southeast European Co-operation Process as an example of the positive role Turkey can play in the region. The group provides a forum for diplomatic and political dialogue, enabling countries to cooperate and share experiences. Participants include Turkey, Albania, BiH, Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Greece, Croatia, Moldova and Montenegro.

“Through her efforts in the Southeast European Co-operation Process and bilateral relations with Balkan countries Turkey has shown that she has the capability to influence stability and peace processes in the region,” Dede said.

The article Turkey Plays Key Diplomatic Role In Western Balkans appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Hizbullah’s Actions Threaten Lebanon’s Stability

$
0
0

By

By Nohad Topalian

Hizbullah’s open involvement in the fighting in Syria’s Qalamoun, where violence has flared in recent days, is rekindling Lebanese condemnation of the group’s intervention in the conflict.

The Iran-backed party’s participation is in flagrant violation of the Baabda Declaration, a 2012 agreement to disassociate Lebanon from regional and international conflict, politicians and analysts told Al-Shorfa.

They warned of further negative repercussions of this intervention on Lebanon’s economy, unity and stability as thousands of Syrians flee to Lebanon to escape the fighting and Lebanon becomes further entangled in the conflict.

As fighting intensified in Qalamoun last week, Hizbullah chief Hassan Nasrallah vowed to keep fighting alongside the regime.

Nasrallah said his group would keep its weapons, despite longstanding calls to lay them down, and would not withdraw from Syria “as a condition to form a government in Lebanon”.

The same day, after Lebanon was struck by rockets and shells from Syria, President Michel Suleiman reiterated Lebanon’s policy of dissociation and its neutrality in the conflict.

We must “take the necessary measures to protect Lebanese citizens and villages and prevent attacks against them as well as address the sources of the fire”, Suleiman said.
‘Negative implications for decades’

“From the first moment of Hizbullah’s involvement in the Syrian quagmire and dragging Lebanon into it, the party has not hesitated to go too far in that direction,” Future bloc MP Ammar Houri told Al-Shorfa.

“The party has heightened the animosity between the Syrian people and a segment of the Lebanese population, and this will have negative implications for decades to come,” he said.

Hizbullah has not learned from Lebanon’s previous experience, when a “many a Lebanese side felt it was overwhelmingly powerful and capable of imposing its views on the Lebanese, only to come to a dead end, like all the others who tried before”, Houri said.

Hizbullah’s involvement in the fighting will have negative social and economic repercussions on Lebanon, not to mention the hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees and its impact on Lebanon’s already weakened infrastructure, he said.

Battles on the Syria-Lebanon border and in interconnected villages are an “Iraqisation” of Syria and Lebanon and “will have a direct negative impact on residents”, said Lebanese Forces bloc MP Joseph Maalouf.

Hizbullah’s direct and blatant intervention in the war goes against Lebanon’s policy of dissociation and its endorsement of the Baabda Declaration, he added.

“Our hope is that a serious demand is raised at the upcoming Arab summit in Kuwait for urgent co-operation with Lebanon on these critical security and social issues,” Maalouf said.
Threatening Lebanon’s security

Political analyst Ali al-Amine told Al-Shorfa the latest developments in Qalamoun come in the context of Hizbullah’s ever-deepening public involvement in the events in Syria.

“When Nasrallah said the requirement the March 14 coalition set as a condition to forming a government – his withdrawal from Syria – is impossible, this confirmed the party is not willing to discuss its presence in Syria, whatever the Lebanese reasons may be,” he said.

“If the party’s pretext is to defend Lebanon, the Qalamoun battle proves the opposite in terms of the magnitude of the intervention’s negative effects on Lebanon,” al-Amine said.

With “the unprecedented influx of displaced Syrians into Lebanon in just the past few days, Arsal has become the capital of displacement, as has Shebaa in Iqlim al-Arqoub”, he said.

This puts a heavy burden on the Lebanese state and its institutions and could increase sectarian tensions in Arsal and in the Shebaa area, he said.

“This battle, the party’s participation in it, its insistence on intervention and its disregard of the Baabda Declaration have all contributed to internal divisions on how to deal with the Syrian crisis, given that most Lebanese are against this military intervention, including parliamentary blocs aligned with the Syrian regime,” he said.

“The party’s unilateral position and behaviour contributes to showing the state as increasingly unable to honour its commitment to international conventions and be sovereign on its own territory, which further undermines internal stability among the political parties,” al-Amine said.

The article Hizbullah’s Actions Threaten Lebanon’s Stability appeared first on Eurasia Review.


Israeli Bombers: Al Qaeda’s Air Force – OpEd

$
0
0

By

Israel has committed repeated acts of war against countries that opposed its Zionist policies of colonization and annexation of Palestinian territory in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. Israeli leaders have secured arms and diplomatic support for their attacks through their Zionist proxies in the United States Congress and the Executive Branch.

The current series of Israeli bombing raids and missile strikes against Syria are designed to strengthen the armed Syrian opposition and Islamist mercenaries seeking to destroy the government in Damascus. Israel intends to sabotage the upcoming round of peace negotiations. The Zionist state does not want a peaceful resolution to the current regional conflict. Its foreign policy depends on perpetual regional wars and political instability. Toward this end, Tel Aviv has the unconditional support of the 52 Presidents of the Major American Jewish Organization and all other Zionist organizations in the US.

Armed Conflict and Intervention in Syria

For almost three years, Syria has increasingly transformed into a battleground and humanitarian disaster. At first, there were domestic Syrian political and social organizations staging protests against the Baathist government. The early protestors included secular liberals, Muslims, democrats and socialists. They had engaged in mostly peaceful protest against the authoritarian, but multi-cultural, secular regime of Bashar Assad. The government clamped down heavily and arrested many protestors. This heavy-handed response help to split the Syrian opposition: Peaceful, civil-society protestors remained in the country, although diminished in numbers, while many others went underground or fled to bordering countries and formed the early core of the armed opposition. They received military and financial support from NATO countries and Turkey, as well as from the corrupt Gulf Monarchies, especially Saudi Arabia. A cross-border war was launched in which US and European special military forces played a leading role in organizing, training and directing a makeshift collection of armed Syrian groups. Turkey provided arms, training camps and logistical support. The funding came from the rich kingdoms of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Monarchies, which have spent hundreds of millions of dollars. The Saudis recruited radical Islamist and Al Qaeda mercenaries and Wahhabi terrorists to fight the Damascus regime – targeting secular Syrians, Shiites, Alawites, Syrian Christians and Kurds. In just a few years, the conflict underwent a radical change in character and in intensity from internal broad-based civil strife to an armed foreign-backed invasion with vicious sectarian overtones. Hundreds of thousands of Syrians fled from their home when thousands of mostly foreign, Islamist fighters attacked and occupied their cities, towns and villages – conducting campaigns of ethnic cleansing against non-Sunni and non-Arab Syrians. The government in Damascus responded by mobilizing ground troops and its air force to recover its vital highways and cities and drive out this increasingly foreign occupation. This became especially critical toward the end of 2012, when Al Qaeda-linked extremists, funded by the Saudi and Gulf monarchies, gained ascendancy at a number of key fronts. These violent extremists overran and displaced the Western-backed ‘internal’ armed opposition who made up the so-called ‘moderates’. The Saudi proxies attacked Kurdish militia in the semi-autonomous Syrian northeast in order to secure cross border supply routes to Iraq thus regionalizing the war. This heralded the tremendous increase in terrorism and bombing against the Shiite government in Baghdad and majority Shia population.

As the Western-backed opposition retreated, the mercenaries, linked to Al Qaeda, fully expected their sponsors among the despotic Saudi oil billionaires to call on NATO and the US to launch missile strikes against the Syrian government. Without US and NATO air support, the jihadis would never take Damascus.

Meanwhile, the Islamist Turkish government had been playing a duplicitous role by allowing its border area to be used for terrorist camps, supply routes and a launch site for cross-border attacks against its neighbor. This has been very unpopular with the Turkish public. When it became evident that the Saudi-backed Al Qaeda terrorists were gaining the upper hand over Ankara’s more ‘moderate’ Islamist Syrian clients, the Turks may have developed concerns that their border would become a regional center for Al Qaeda with thousands of well-armed, battle-tested Islamist mercenaries. This may explain Ankara’s recent approach to Teheran hoping to undercut the jihadi clients of the Gulf Monarchies.

With the Syrian opposition badly split and the US domestic opposition to a new war increasing, the US-NATO regimes withdrew their commitment to the Saudis to act as ‘Al Qaeda’s Air Force’. In this context, US President Obama eagerly accepted the Russian President Putin’s offer to jointly oversee the dismantlement of Syria’s chemical weapons stockpile and to set up a peace conference between Syrian opposition factions, not-linked to Al Qaeda, and the Syrian government.

Chemical Weapons, Disarmament and Peace: Who’s in and Who’s Out?

The Putin-Obama agreement was a significant advance for the US and Russia. President Obama did not have to face massive domestic and Congressional opposition to a new war with Syria and he was ‘credited’ with accepting a diplomatic solution. Russian President Vladimir Putin assumed the role of a world statesman in initiating the process, ensuring Syrian compliance and moving the parties toward a peace conference in Geneva to be held in late November. The European Union and the NATO powers were able to temporarily disentangle from their military commitments to the Syrian ‘rebels’ and their Saudi backers and express their own indignation over US cyber-spying of their citizens and leaders. Furthermore, this gave the Obama Administration the opportunity to open nuclear negotiations with Iran. Turkey, which had been flooded by desperate Syrian refugees, was facing rising nationalist pressures against its own military role in the Syrian ‘civil war’. The Russian initiative allowed the Turks to further explore re-opening relations with Syria’s ally, Iran.

This advance toward peace and disarmament weakened the military ambitions of the despotic Saudi regime and threatened the hegemonic position of the Israeli junta. The Saudi-Gulf States strategy had been to destroy the secular Syrian state via a mercenary Al Qaeda ground war supported by massive NATO-US air strikes against Damascus. The Saudis envisioned a replay of the Libyan invasion that saw the overthrow of the secular Gadhafi. A bloody jihadist victory in Damascus would strike a blow at Iran, the Saudi’s (and the Israeli’s) ultimate target.

The US-Russian rapprochement and Obama’s withdrawal of his threat to bomb Damascus had deprived the Saudi’s Al Qaeda mercenaries of their long-awaited Western missile support. Across the Atlantic, in a fit of pique and high-pitched hysteria at NATO’s refusal to serve as ‘Al Qaeda’s air force’ for their pet mercenaries, the Saudis refused to sit take their appointed seat ‘with the infidels’ on the UN Security Council!

However, Israel was quick to step in with its own bombs and missiles to bolster the Islamist terrorists in Syria!

Israel viewed itself as a casualty of the Obama-Putin agreement; it had been clamoring for more overt Western involvement in the war against Syria. Israel’s strategy was to encourage the armed conflict, decimate the Syrian government, society and economy, and create a new client configuration composed of ‘Egypt-Jordan-Syria’ under joint Saudi-Israeli- US auspices (and financing).

The Israelis had expected US President Obama to unleash a massive NATO air strike against Syrian military installations, arms depots and vital civilian infrastructure. This would tip the military balance in favor of the armed Syrian opposition and foreign jihadist mercenaries and precipitate the collapse of Damascus. Indeed the entire US Jewish-Zionist power structure, including the pro-Israel media troika (the New York Times, Washington Post and Wall Street Journal), called for the US to bomb Syria despite the fact that the majority of America citizens were increasingly vocal in their opposition to US involvement!

When Obama finally took note of US public opinion and embraced Vladimir Putin’s proposal for Syrian peace and the dismantling of its chemical weapons arsenal, the media troika and the ZPC unleashed hysterical attacks, accusing President Obama of vacillation (for disobeying Netanyahu?), sacrificing Syrian lives (what about the Syrian victims of Israel’s occupation of the Golan Heights?) and of betraying the ‘rebels’ (also known as Al Qaeda terrorists).

Israel and Saudi Arabia make logical ‘allies’: Both are sworn enemies of secular Arab nationalism and anti-colonialism; both have sponsored overseas terrorist groups against their opponents; both seek to destroy Iran and both are completely dependent on Western arms relying on imperialist wars to achieve their own regional aims. At the moment their plans for ‘re-drawing the map’ of the Middle East has met a speed-bump in the form of Obama’s reluctance to launch US missiles and bombs against Damascus.

The Israeli Air Force at the Service of Al Qaeda

In recent years Israel has committed numerous acts of war throughout the Middle East, including crimes against humanity in Gaza, the West Bank and Lebanon. It is no surprise that Israel, a colonial state and would-be regional hegemon, would bomb Syrian military bases and weapon depots on six occasions this year, despite the fact that Damascus was struggling for its survival against thousands of Saudi-financed Al Qaeda-linked mercenaries.

Israel’s deliberate and unprovoked attacks against the beleaguered Syrian state are motivated by dangerous, sinister and cynical considerations on the part of Tel Aviv.

First, the Israel wants a strong Wahhabi-Al Qaeda presence in the region to counter the secular Baathists as well as their Shiite allies in Lebanon and Iran. Their attacks against the Syrian military show their desire for the terrorists to continue ravaging Syrian cities and towns. This is essentially a tactical alliance between extremist Zionist-Jews and Radical Sunni Muslims.

Second, Israel is calculating that its missile attacks against Syrian bases will provoke an armed response from Damascus which Tel Aviv could use as a pretext to declare war and unite the ‘hawk and dove’ Zionists in Israel, and especially in the US, and mobilize against another ‘existential threat’ to the ‘Jewish State’. In other words, Israel intends to prod the US Congress and White House to launch an ‘allied’ bombing campaign against Damascus.

Thirdly, Tel Aviv views its missile strikes and bombing raids against Syria as a ‘dress rehearsal’ for its planned attack on Iran. In the context of Iranian President Rouhani’s recent peace overtures toward the US, bombing Syria and provoking Damascus would scuttle any peaceful accord between the Washington and Teheran. Israeli pilots are using Syria as a laboratory to test radar and communications, flight patterns, its bombing accuracy, interception technology and assets to further their readiness for a pre-emptive attack on Iran. The purpose for attacking the Syrian government and destroying defensive weapons destined for its Lebanese Shiite ally, Hezbollah, is to destroy any Lebanese capacity to resist Israeli aggression in a regional conflagration.

However, Israel’s military-driven ‘diplomacy’ has failed. And yet the Jewish state cannot reverse its brutal, colonial policies in the West Bank, re-think its working alliance with Al Qaeda in the Levant or formulate a realistic political settlement with Syria and Iran. Instead, the characteristic failure and mediocrity of Israeli policymakers have condemned them to rely exclusively on their first, last and only resort – greater brutality and aggression.

Netanyahu showed his disappointment with Obama by announcing the construction of 1500 new ‘Jews-only’ apartments in Occupied Palestinian East Jerusalem. Meanwhile, the Israeli Foreign Office denounced the Obama Administration for having revealed that Israeli planes and missiles had struck the major Syrian port of Latakia – implying that Washington’s revelation of Israel’s attempted sabotage of the peace talks amounted to a ‘betrayal’ or ‘crime’ against the Jewish state!

The entire Zionist power configuration in Washington has lined up to support the Jewish state. When Israel commits an act of war against its neighbor, no matter how unjust and brutal the act, Zionists from the most religious to the most secular, the ‘peaceniks’ and neo-cons, all form a united chorus in praise of the righteous and moral ‘Jewish Bombs’ even as they fall on the besieged people of Syria today and Iran tomorrow. While the pro-Israel media troika in the US doesn’t hesitate to denounce civilian suffering from Pentagon and CIA drones strikes in Pakistan, when Israeli missiles rain on Syria … acts of pre-emptive war by the heirs of the Holocaust … they are described as necessary for the defense of a peace-loving nation…because Bibi Netanyahu said so!!! That garrulous Harvard Law Professor will argue on the US television ‘talk shows’ that Israel had to pulverize the concrete bunkers of the Syrian military otherwise some anti-Semite might someday find some pebble to toss at some member of the moral Israeli ‘peace force’. ‘Existential threat’ indeed!

Rank cant and mendacious special pleadings aside, the Saudis and their Israeli allies intend to finance, arm and serve as Al Qaeda’s air force against the Assad regime in Syria. They mean to undermine any Syrian or Iranian peace process, that is, unless the US and Russia prevent them from provoking a major regional conflagration – threatening the welfare of hundreds of millions of people.

Conclusion

The Middle East has always been a mosaic of complex and changing alliances, marking shifts in the balance of imperial power. During the past decade, the US, Israel, Saudi Arabia and their satraps in Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon have ruled the roosts. Iraq, as an independent modern secular nation and multicultural society, was shattered and under the US military boot; the Taliban were in retreat … Iran was isolated … Syria was surrounded by invading foreign armed and trained terrorists and mercenaries.

Time passed and circumstances changed. The US was forced to retreat from the horrific sectarian conflict it created in Iraq, while Iran gained political influence and stature in the region. Turkey captured lucrative regional markets. In Afghanistan, the Taliban have recovered, advanced and are preparing to take power as soon as the US withdraws support from its lackey in Kabul. The White House temporarily lost a dictator in Egypt, only to gain a new dictatorial client, but the junta in Cairo faces an uncertain future with massive popular unrest. The King of Jordan may still be on the CIA/Mossad payroll but that country is a backward satrapy forced to rely on police state tactics. The corrupt Gulf Monarchies repress their dissident majorities at home while using their countries’ incredible oil wealth to subsidize jihadi terrorists abroad. Their legitimacy and support is fragile: Petro-billions, bombs and US military bases do not constitute a state!

Tactical relations are in flux. The Saudi monarch rejects the UN, repudiates the US for its rapprochement with Iran and embraces —its own hot air. Surely the Saudis understand that siding with Israel’s air force against an Arab nation is a dangerous and desperate ploy that could backfire.

The Syrian and Iranian governments will continue with their peace agendas, democratic openings and calls for social co-existence, such as Hezbollah has successfully secured in Lebanon. The Russians support their overtures. If they are successful, even the US and Europe would reap immense economic benefits from a demilitarized and sanctions-free Middle East and Persian Gulf. The world economy would see lower energy prices and greater security, while the flow of rentier capital to the speculators in the City of London and Wall Street flood would reverse and benefit their own countries. We stand at the crossroads between turning toward peace or reverting to regional war, crisis and chaos.

The article Israeli Bombers: Al Qaeda’s Air Force – OpEd appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Iran: Afghan Refugees And Migrants Face Abuse, Says HRW

$
0
0

By

The government of Iran’s policies toward its Afghan refugees and migrant population violate its legal obligations to protect this vulnerable group from abuse, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. Iranian forces deport thousands of Afghans summarily, without allowing them the opportunity to prove they have a right to remain in Iran, or to lodge an asylum application.

The 124-page report, “Unwelcome Guests: Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights,”documents how Iran’s flawed asylum system results in a detention and deportation process with no due process or opportunity for legal appeal. Iranian officials have in recent years limited legal avenues for Afghans to claim refugee or other immigration status in Iran, even as conditions in Afghanistanhave deteriorated. These policies pose a serious risk to the rights and security of the almost one million Afghans whom Iran recognizes as refugees, and hundreds of thousands of others who have fled war and insecurity in Afghanistan. The practices also violate Iran’s obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention.

“Iran is deporting thousands of Afghans to a country where the danger is both real and serious,” said Joe Stork, deputy Middle East director. “Iran has an obligation to hear these people’s refugee claims rather than sweeping them up and tossing them over the border to Afghanistan.”

Human Rights Watch documented violations including physical abuse, detention in unsanitary and inhumane conditions, forced payment for transportation and accommodation in deportation camps, forced labor, and forced separation of families. Human Rights Watch is particularly concerned about the Iranian security forces’ abuses against unaccompanied migrant children – who are traveling without parents or other guardians – a sizable portion of Afghan migrant workers and deportees.

Iranian authorities are increasingly pressuring Afghans to leave the country. The Iranian government in June 2012 ended registration for its Comprehensive Regularization Plan (CRP), which had permitted some undocumented Afghans to legalize their status and obtain limited visas.

In November 2012, the Iranian cabinet of ministers issued a regulation allowing the government to expel 1.6 million foreigners “illegally residing in Iran” by the end of 2015. The regulation, approved at the vice presidential level, also instructed the Interior Ministry to facilitate the voluntary repatriation of an additional 200,000 Afghans legally classified as refugees and terminate the refugee status of another 700,000 Afghans.

Iranian officials ordered 300,000 Afghans living in Iran with temporary visas and temporary permission to work under the regularization plan to leave the country after the visas expired on September 6, 2013, with no chance of extension. As of this writing, Iranian officials had not yet implemented their plan to deport these Afghans.

As the Iranian government ratchets up the pressure on Afghans to leave, Afghanistan’s deteriorating economic and security situation increases the dangers for returnees. In the first six months of 2013, Afghanistan’s armed conflict and diminished security boosted the number of displaced people inside the country by 106,000, bringing the total to over 583,000. Attacks by the Taliban and other insurgent groups are the main factor in a 23 percent increase in civilian casualties in the first six months of 2013 compared with the same period in 2012. Declining international investment and development aid ahead of the deadline at the end of 2014 for full withdrawal of international combat forces is creating increasing economic insecurity.

Iranian legal restrictions and bureaucratic obstacles effectively deny newly arriving Afghans the opportunity to lodge refugee claims or register for other forms of protection mandated by international law and based on conditions in Afghanistan. Iranian policies deny the opportunity to legally challenge deportation to hundreds of thousands of Afghans in Iran who may face persecution or serious harm upon return to Afghanistan, Human Rights Watch found.

“Iran has shouldered the burden of hosting one of the world’s largest refugee populations for more than three decades, but it needs to meet international standards for their treatment,” Stork said. “Afghanistan may be even more dangerous now than when many of these refugees first fled – now is not the time for Iran to send them home.”

The Iranian government should address the serious flaws in its asylum system that deny Afghans the right to lodge refugee claims, Human Rights Watch said. The now more than 800,000 Afghans recognized as refugees registered in 2003 under the country’s Amayesh system, a registration program designed to identify and track recognized refugees. They are required to renew their refugee registration cards every year or risk deportation to Afghanistan.

Human Rights Watch also documented problems in Iran’s treatment of registered Afghan refugees. The Iranian government has instituted a complex and onerous process for Afghans to retain their Amayesh status. The process includes frequent re-registration with relevant government agencies, without official assistance for those with limited literacy who struggle to understand bureaucratic procedures, and onerous fees, which many poor refugees cannot afford.

Afghan deportees from Iran told Human Rights Watch that the smallest technical errors, including mistakes during the registration process, can prompt the Iranian authorities to strip Afghans of their refugee status permanently and deport them summarily. The Iranian government has also decreed large swaths of Iran to be travel and residency “no-go areas” for non-Iranians.

Iranian police and security forces also violate the rights of Afghans and commit serious abuses while deporting them. Some of the Afghans Human Rights Watch interviewed had received legal status as refugees from the Iranian authorities, and many of them had spent many years or even decades in Iran. Yet they reported that the Iranian officials who deported them denied them the time and opportunity to collect their wages and personal belongings, or even, in some cases, to contact their family members.

The Iranian government’s policies toward Afghan migrants create other kinds of abuses and discrimination. Although Iranian authorities have made efforts to educate Afghan children, many undocumented Afghan children face bureaucratic obstacles that prevent their children from attending school, in violation of international law. Iranian law limits Afghans who have permission as refugees to work to a limited number of dangerous and poorly paid manual labor jobs, regardless of their education and skills. Iranian law also denies or severely restricts Afghans’ citizenship and marriage rights. Afghan men who marry Iranian women cannot apply for Iranian citizenship, and the children of such marriages face serious barriers to citizenship.

The Iranian government has also failed to take necessary steps to protect its Afghan population from physical violence linked to rising anti-foreigner sentiment in Iran, or to hold those responsible accountable.

“Iran is failing on many counts to respect the rights of Afghans living in Iran,” Stork said. “Even migrants without refugee status have clear rights to educate their children, to be safe from abuse, and to have the opportunity to seek asylum prior to deportation – none of which the Iranian government is respecting.”

The article Iran: Afghan Refugees And Migrants Face Abuse, Says HRW appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Burma Cuts HIV Rates, But Minorities Still At Risk: UN

$
0
0

By

By Hanna Hindstrom

Burma has made enormous strides in addressing its HIV epidemic, slashing infection rates by 72 percent in little over a decade, but vulnerable groups including sex workers and gay men remain at risk, the UN warned on Tuesday.

Marking the launch of a major regional conference on HIV/Aids in the Asia-Pacific, the UN praised regional efforts to tackle infection rates but called on governments to reform punitive laws against sex workers, drug users and sexual minorities.

“Punitive and discriminatory legal environments continue to hinder effective HIV responses in almost every country in the region – despite evidence as to the public health and human rights issues raised by such environments,” said the report.

Although Burma successfully curbed HIV infections to 200,000 or approximately 0.33 percent of the population in 2012, rates continue to rise among certain vulnerable groups.

Nearly one third of intravenous drug users in the Kachin capital Myitkyina were estimated to be HIV positive, along with 21.3 percent of men who have sex with men. The report noted a decline in infections among female sex workers, although rates remain disproportionately high — reaching 15 percent in Bassein.

UNAIDS credited the work of community-based organisations, such as the sex worker-led Targeted Outreach Programme (TOP), for making “remarkable progress” in access to services for traditionally excluded communities.

According to the report, TOP runs nine drop-in centres across the country, reaching an estimated 50,000 sex workers every year. Over 90 percent of its staff are sex workers or men who have sex with men, which the UN says boosts access to individuals criminalised under Burmese law.

“[Such programmes] illustrate how innovative community-led efforts have empowered sex workers to assert their human rights, take control over their work environments and improve their health and social conditions,” said the report.

Homosexual acts are punishable by life imprisonment in Burma, while individuals found guilty of prostitution face up to three years in jail. Sex workers also report constant harassment and extortion from authorities, along with violence and abuse from clients – who conversely can legally purchase sex.

Earlier this year, the Burmese parliament rejected a motion to discuss the decriminalisation of sex work, with a senior minister insisting that jail time works as an effective deterrent. Meanwhile, drug addicts face compulsory detention if arrested and even risk the death penalty if prosecuted.

“If I feel frustrated, I come to this centre and rest or talk to friends or sing songs or watch movies. We can raise issues with our peers and get information on how to resolve problems,” a sex worker, who regularly visits TOP’s drop-in centres, explains in the report.

Addressing stigma and discrimination against HIV victims is high on the agenda of this week’s conference, to which Burma has dispatched a 50-member delegation including senior government officials and health professionals.

“Because of stigma, many people do not come to receive life-saving treatment or prevention services. This is costing lives,” Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi said in a message to the conference. “We need an Asia-Pacific community of compassion to end discrimination.”

The UN also praised Burma’s efforts to boost access to anti-retroviral treatment for HIV-infected persons, noting that nearly half of eligible patients currently receive therapy. However, nearly one in five reported being denied access to health services based on their status, while one in four said they felt suicidal and over 60 percent ashamed.

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has offered US$315 million to Burma to improve the “strategic expansion of services” for those affected by HIV/Aids. But global health activists insist that legal reform must take precedence.

“Punitive laws fuel stigma and discrimination, undermining our efforts to bring an end to AIDS,” said Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, President of Fiji. “This is why legal reform is crucial to the AIDS response.

The article Burma Cuts HIV Rates, But Minorities Still At Risk: UN appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Move To The Beat: How Music Can Help Your Brain

$
0
0

By

(CORDIS) — Whether pounding the streets, putting in the effort at the gym or learning the latest dance moves, many people enjoy listening to music while exercising. Now scientists believe that combining movement and music could be beneficial for our brains.

Neuroscientists have discovered that moving to the rhythm can boost motor performance. An EU-funded project entitled BEAT-HEALTH was launched in October 2013 in order to capitalise on the beneficial effects of rhythm on movement. The project aims to focus in particular on the benefits of rhythmic stimulation in order to improve gait and mobility.

Motor skills disorder – also known as motor coordination disorder or developmental coordination disorder – is a human developmental disorder that impairs motor coordination in daily activities. This disorder is a result of weak or disorganised connections in the brain, which can lead to poor motor coordination.

Parkinson’s disease is a well-known degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait.

The ultimate aim of the project, which will receive a total of EUR 2 942 000 in EU funding, is to create an innovative smartphone application capable of delivering musical rhythm. This tool would be capable of adapting to the rhythm of movement, in order to boost motor performance.

In addition, a dedicated e-Health service, in the form of an age-friendly network-based application, will be established in order to share information on movement performance. Indeed, all data gathered during the project will be made accessible online. Access to this information will enable users to recognise their motor condition, and promote healthier lifestyles that can enhance performance and compensate for motor disorder.

The BEAT-HEALTH project will begin by carrying out some fundamental research aimed at improving our understanding of the condition, in order to maximize the beneficial effects of rhythmic stimulation on movement and physiology. The project will then look to create a new IT platform in the form of a network-based application for the collection of data and sharing online.

The consortium behind BEAT-HEALTH involves leading experts in the fields of movement sciences, music neuroscience and communication technologies. Five top laboratories across four European countries will cooperate throughout the three-year project: Montpellier-1 University (France), the University of Ghent (Belgium), the National University of Ireland, the Tecnalia foundation (Spain) and Montpellier Academic Hospital (France)

The article Move To The Beat: How Music Can Help Your Brain appeared first on Eurasia Review.

A Powerful New Class Of Lasers In The Making

$
0
0

By

(CORDIS) — Laser intensities have increased dramatically in recent years, opening up a whole new world of applications. To boost scientific research and economic competitiveness the EU is backing a bold new project to create the world’s most powerful lasers and build related research infrastructure in three European countries.

ELI (Extreme Light Infrastructure) is a partnership charged with creating the ELI-Beamlines Facility in the Czech Republic, the ELI-Attosecond Facility in Hungary and the ELI-Nuclear Physics Facility in Romania.

“Construction funds for the projects in the Czech Republic and Romania have already been approved, and we’re waiting for the Hungarian project to be approved very soon,” says Professor Wolfgang Sandner, Director General and CEO of the ELI-DC International Association.

A professor of physics at TU Berlin in Germany and former director of the Max Born Institute, also in Berlin, Sandner is well placed to oversee the ambitious trans-European project.

Construction of the buildings and procurement of major equipment is well under way in the Czech Republic and Romania, and total investment in construction is expected to amount to around EUR 850 million.

The Romanian infrastructure will boast unparalleled power of 2×10 petawatts (each petawatt is a thousand trillion watts) and will be located on a surface equivalent to two football stadiums. The whole ELI infrastructure and its facilities are expected to be ready for use in 2017.

The location of a fourth facility, representing the highest intensity laser at an impressive 200 petawatts, is still to be decided, and is expected to open up a whole new area of study in science. This will include cutting-edge investigations into nuclear, particle, gravitational, ultrahigh-pressure and high-energy physics, as well as advanced astrophysics and cosmology.

Through this formidable set of integrated facilities, ELI is focusing on the development and application of a special class of lasers, namely high-power short-pulse lasers.

“ELI pushes the technological and scientific forefront of these devices and their applications through lasers which exceed the presently available power or repetition rate by at least one order of magnitude,” explains Sandner.

Besides scientific progress, ELI’s societal and economic benefits are manifold, arising mostly from secondary sources of particles and photons which will be derived from the primary high-power ELI lasers. The technology, for example, will boost materials research, including novel materials for microtechnologies, nanotechnologies, and photovoltaics.

On another front, the technology provides novel sources of short-wavelength radiation such as x-rays and gamma-rays, with applications in medical diagnostics and therapy.

“We also envision applications of laser-accelerated particles such as protons and ions for future improved cancer therapy or materials research,” says Sandner, “as well as accelerated electrons for various applications in science and technology.”

The professor also explains how gamma rays, created by the backscattering of laser photons from relativistic electrons, which themselves stem from conventional or even laser-based accelerators, will be mainly used for nuclear studies, with applications in nuclear waste management, materials diagnostics, medical research, and other areas.

For example, the facility in Romania will be capable of studying the neutralisation of nuclear waste, addressing one of the planet’s major 21st century challenges.

Overall, the consortium is making progress on what is considered the first international research facility worldwide for scientists who need lasers for their work.

“The progress achieved so far is impressive, despite some technical, administrative and political problems that had, and still have to be, overcome,” says Sandner.

Lasers and photonics are indispensable for society, the economy and the environment, and can help address many of today’s major challenges, including health, mobility, energy supply and environmental protection. These are also priority issues for Horizon 2020, the EU’s research funding programme for the next seven years.

The project’s construction is financed through the EU’s structural funds, designed to boost the economies of Europe’s less developed regions and countries.

The article A Powerful New Class Of Lasers In The Making appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Origin Of Species: Protein Imbalances Doom Hybrids

$
0
0

By

Why do crosses between closely related species fail to produce fertile hybrids? A new study led by Professor Axel Imhof of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich shows that differences in the levels – not necessarily the sequences – of certain key proteins are crucial in mediating reproductive isolation.

Two individuals are defined as belonging to the same biological species, if matings between them give rise to viable and fertile offspring. Crosses between closely related, but already distinct, species produce hybrid offspring that are either inviable or sterile, and thus cannot give rise to a self-propagating hybrid lineage.

In the early 20th century, geneticists and evolutionary biologists developed a theoretical model to explain why distinct species that share the same common ancestor soon diverge to such an extent that their hybrids are unable to reproduce. This model postulates that certain genes evolve more rapidly than others – and in a manner which ensures that they function well within each of the diverging populations, but interfere with one another when brought together in hybrid genomes.

Such genes are referred to as Dobzhansky-Muller gene pairs, or hybrid-incompatibility genes. “Although several Dobzhansky-Muller gene pairs have been isolated in the last five years, their function remained essentially unclear prior to our study,” says Professor Axel Imhof of LMU’s Adolf Butenandt Institute. In their new study, he and his team have now characterized the functions of the genes Lmr (Lethal male rescue) and Hmr (Hybrid male rescue), which form a Dobzhansky-Muller gene pair in hybrid matings between fruitflies belonging to the closely related Drosophila species D. melanogaster and D. simulans.

Hybrid males produced by crosses between these two species are inviable, while the female hybrids are viable but sterile. Imhof’s group has now shown that the proteins encoded by the genes Hmr and Lhr form a molecular complex, which binds to the centromeric regions of chromosomes, i.e., at the site of the typical constriction found in paired sister chromosomes prior to cell division, and play an important role in chromosome segregation later in cell division.

The problem for the hybrids lies in the fact that, although both D. melanogaster and D. simulans synthesize HMR and LHR proteins, they make these gene products in very different amounts.

Thus D. melanogaster makes far more HMR than D. simulans, while the latter produces LHR in much higher concentrations than D. melanogaster. Nevertheless, the HMR and LHR proteins retain the ability to interact with each other, irrespective of their origin.

As a result, in hybrid cells, HMR-LHR complexes are formed in much larger amounts than in the cells of the parental species. Moreover, this increase cannot be accommodated by the number of centromeric binding sites available in the hybrid.

The resulting discrepancy between the amounts of complex and centromeric binding sites leads to binding of the complex all over the genome. It is this abnormal distribution of HMR-LHR complexes that is responsible for hybrid lethality.

These results show that it is the relative level of the proteins concerned, and not any differences in their amino acid sequences, that plays the crucial role here. It also encourages the LMU researchers to search further for species-specific differences in protein levels with the aid of quantitative proteomics.

“In addition to the proteins HMR and LHR that we have focused on, other factors have been identified which are involved in mediating reproductive isolation between species. “In future experiments, we intend to look at these proteins in more detail, and will analyze their functions in true species and their hybrids,” says Imhof.

The article Origin Of Species: Protein Imbalances Doom Hybrids appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Could Saving The Traditional Pub Be Answer To Britain’s Dinge Drinking Problem?

$
0
0

By

A research study finds evidence for the traditional pub as a site for restrained and responsible social interaction for young adults. The UK government wants further controls to restrict high street bars but on the other hand is concerned about the decline in the number of traditional public houses or pubs.

A recent article published in Planning Theory & Practice ‘Young adults and the decline of the urban English pub: issues for planning’, by Marion Roberts (University of Westminster) & Tim Townshend (Newcastle University), discusses whether the English Planning System should distinguish between pubs for the ‘public good’ and licensed premises associated with ‘social ills’?

Roberts and Townshend bring together two issues that have pre-occupied the British government; the decline of the British pub and young people’s drinking. The number of public houses in the UK has fallen by nearly one quarter in the space of three decades. Meanwhile alcohol consumption amongst young adults remains a key policy concern.

The authors discuss evidence from research into local variations in youth drinking cultures in England, which found that young people reported drinking in a restrained and responsible manner in ‘traditional’ pubs. Young adults in their study reported having one or two drinks on a weekday evening or sometimes not drinking alcohol at all. Such behaviour could be contrasted with heavy drinking at high street bars or at house parties.

“I’ve got one group of friends who I would go out clubbing with and they like to get completely wrecked… My other group of friends are more like me and like to go down the pub and have a glass of wine and stick to soft drinks after that. It depends who I am out with.”

While recognising the adverse effects of excessive alcohol consumption, the authors point out that going to pubs reinforces social ties and networks. This evidence lends support to arguments for the contribution of pubs to social sustainability and paradoxically, to health, or at least a healthier mode of alcohol consumption.

The article explores the difficulties the English planning system faces in seeking to distinguish pubs that might be identified with a ‘public good’ from other types of licensed premises more associated with ‘social ills’. The Use Class Order in the English planning system does not provide an adequate distinction between different types of drinking establishment. The authors suggest a new use class established for traditional pubs where the majority of patrons are seated. The UK government is already providing special support to ‘community pubs’, through the Localism Act 2011 and the Community Services Grants. The study found that its sample of young adults were prepared to travel to meet friends and that their pub going routines were rarely confined to their ‘local’. This suggests that while the Localism Act may be effective in supporting well-organised community groups, it does not meet the needs of a younger, mobile demographic.

“It may seem paradoxical to support going to pubs as part of a healthier lifestyle”, says Marion Roberts, “and it is important not to romanticise pubs as there are issues about the extent to which young women feel welcome or comfortable in them and that applies to other groups. Nevertheless, the planning system has been called on by politicians to help local pubs to survive and it does seem that this issue should be taken seriously.”

The article Could Saving The Traditional Pub Be Answer To Britain’s Dinge Drinking Problem? appeared first on Eurasia Review.


Sri Lanka President Rajapaksa Completes Eight Years In Office

$
0
0

By

Sri Lanka President Mahinda Rajapaksa completed his eight years in office as the executive President of Sri Lanka today.

Rajapaksa is now the Chairman of the Commonwealth of Nations following the CHOGM 2013 held in Colombo from Nov.15-17.

This is also a completion of three years since Rajapaksa’s election for the second term as President of Sri Lanka on November 19, 2010.

Rajapaksa is the 5th President of Sri Lanka. He established a record in Sri Lankan political history with being the first Executive President to lead his party to a landslide victory in Parliamentary Elections held just over two months after being elected for a second term of office as Executive President with an overwhelming majority of 1,842,749, polling 6,015,934 votes in January, 2010.

The article Sri Lanka President Rajapaksa Completes Eight Years In Office appeared first on Eurasia Review.

US Troops Could Stay In Afghanistan Until 2024

$
0
0

By

The US and Afghanistan have reportedly agreed on the draft of a mutual security pact indicating that US troops could remain in the country until 2024, according to Afghanistan. However, the US insists that some final details still need to be clarified.

Afghan politicians and tribal leaders will meet in two days to vote on the new agreement.

Although the final text of the agreement is expected to be presented to the grand council on Thursday, it still needs some final touches a US State Department spokeswoman said. “There are still some final issues we are working through… We are not there yet,” she said according to Reuters.

While the 25-page “Security and Defense Cooperation Agreement Between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan” is still unsigned, the deal displays a willingness of the US to retain their military outposts for many years while continuing to pay to support Afghan security forces.

The presence of up to 15,000 American troops could potentially last until 2024, according to the document, which was released for public viewing by NBC News.

Without such an accord however, the US might have to pull out from Afghanistan by the end of 2014, as among other things the agreement regulates its troops’ immunity from Afghan law.

The early draft of the document states that “The Parties acknowledge that continued US military operations to defeat al-Qaeda and its affiliates may be appropriate and agree to continue their close cooperation and coordination toward that end.”

It also attempted to clarify the on-going contentious issue of whether the US military would be permitted to search civilian homes.

And according to paragraph 4, the deal “may be terminated by mutual written agreement or by either Party upon two years’ written notice.”

In a phone call on Tuesday, US Secretary of State John Kerry asked Afghan President Hamid Karzai that US troops be permitted to enter Afghan homes in “exceptional” circumstances, according to AP. Aimal Faizi, a Karzai spokesman, in response stated that any “extraordinary circumstances” could not be misused.

Earlier reports suggested that Karzai rejected a provision granting the United States authority to unilaterally carry out military operations within the country, including the search of civilian homes.

The NBC document is dated July 25, 2013, which accounts for some discrepancies in the document’s terms with the official statement. Hamid Karzai has long vocally expressed objections to US troops being permitted to enter homes and US troop immunity to Afghan law. However, the US maintained that both conditions are essential.

According to Faizi, the wording of these conditions was agreed upon during Tuesday’s phone conversation.

Such concessions from Karzai became possible after “both sides agreed that Obama will send a letter … assuring the President and the people of Afghanistan that the right to enter into Afghan homes by US forces and the extraordinary circumstances will not be misused,” Faizi told Reuters.

Obama’s letter recognizing the damage done to the country’s civilians during the 12 year war will be presented to the Afghan grand assembly in an effort to gain popular support for a widely opposed deal.

“The whole idea of having a letter was to acknowledge the suffering of the Afghan people and the mistakes of the past. That was the only thing that satisfied the President,” Faizi said.

However, Obama’s national security adviser, Susan Rice, told CNN in an interview on Tuesday that no apology for Afghanistan was in the works.

“There is not a need for the United States to apologize to Afghanistan. Quite the contrary,” she said. “That is not on the table.”

Later this week, thousands of Afghan political and tribal leaders will meet to decide whether to allow US troops to remain in the country following the 2014 withdrawal of foreign fighting forces.

The five-day long negotiations of the so-called Loya Jirga grand assembly are to begin on Thursday.

But even if the deal is approved by some 3,000 prominent Afghans, which is not guaranteed, the final decision will be made by the parliament after the convention.

The article US Troops Could Stay In Afghanistan Until 2024 appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Putin To Receive Netanyahu In Kremlin

$
0
0

By

In the Kremlin Wednesday Russian President Vladimir Putin will receive Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who is to come to Moscow on a short working visit, the Russian president’s press-service reports. The meeting will take place according to an agreement reached earlier and the sides are expected to discuss topical issues of international politics and bilateral relations.

Talks between the Russian president and the Israeli leader take place on a regular basis. At the beginning of November at Israel’s initiative there was a telephone conversation between Putin and Netanyahu during which they also discussed current international problems. Before that the sides talked on the phone in June this year paying special attention to the situation in Syria and around it.

The previous meeting of the Russian president and Israeli prime minister took place in Sochi in May this year. When it was over Putin reported that the sides had come to an agreement to continue contacts with the aim of a peaceful settlement of the Syrian crisis. Putin stressed that he and Netanyahu shared the opinion that the continuation of an armed conflict in Syria is fraught with disastrous consequences both for Syria and the entire region.

The Russian president said that only a speedy ceasefire and political settlement of the armed conflict can prevent a negative scenario. He pointed out that during this important period it is essential to avoid any steps capable of unhinging the situation.

The Israeli prime minister confirmed that the two leaders had a detailed discussion of the situation in the region and tried to find the way to consolidate stability and security. He appreciated the opportunity to talk to each other directly.

Characterising the bilateral relations Putin pointed out that in spite of their consolidation they contained certain problems. The president said that he meant the small volume of mutual investments that could definitely be dramatically increased.

The article Putin To Receive Netanyahu In Kremlin appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Supreme Court Turns Blind Eye To Obama NSA Spy Program‏ – OpEd

$
0
0

By

While the Democrats complain about the U.S. Supreme Court being too conservative in its decisions, the highest court in the nation once again ran interference for President Barack Obama and his agenda in its latest decision. The court’s justices announced on Monday that they had declined hearing the case challenging the constitutionality of the controversial National Security Agency’s domestic surveillance programs.

The Electronic Privacy Information Center had accused the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of improperly allowing the intelligence agencies, specifically the National Security Agency, to collect phone call records of millions of Americans.

The FISC allowed the NSA to basically operate within the United States despite having no probable cause to believe the Americans involved in the technological dragnet are involved — or were involved in — activities that threatened national security, according to an Examiner report.

While such direct filings to the nation’s highest court are rare in achieving positive results, EPIC argued that it was bypassing the lower courts since only the U.S. Supreme Court could overrule such a decision by the FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) Court.

“The case is so obviously one which the Supreme Court should hear since FISA entails foreign intelligence surveillance. Heck, its the name of the law being used to spy on Americans,” said former police investigator and terrorism expert Michael Snopes.

None of the Supreme Court’s judges offered any explanation on their decision to turndown the request from the non-profit, non-partisan EPIC.

The EPIC Petition was distributed to the Justices last week along with briefs by prominent scholars in information law, federal jurisdiction, and constitutional law, who all urged the Supreme Court to grant the EPIC petition.

Other civil liberties groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation are also mounting legal challenges to the NSA programs. But EPIC’s challenge was the only one to go directly to the Supreme Court, according to an Examiner news story.

EPIC’s lawsuit claims that the FISA court overstepped its authority when it granted the NSA permission to collect the phone records in bulk, since the Patriot Act only authorizes U.S. intelligence agencies to collect business records that are considered “relevant” to an investigation involving terrorism.

By allowing the NSA to use that provision to collect the records of millions of Americans without any ties to terrorism, the court acted outside of its own jurisdiction, EPIC argues in its suit.

“Basically the Roberts Court decided to allow the NSA’s domestic surveillance programs to continue despite the fact that the law used by the Obama administration to rationalize the programs plainly states foreign intelligence surveillance in its title,” Snopes said.

The article Supreme Court Turns Blind Eye To Obama NSA Spy Program‏ – OpEd appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Data Protection Issues Dominated At EU-US Ministerial Meeting

$
0
0

By

The European Union (EU) and the United States of America (US) justice and home affairs ministerial meeting took place on 18 November in Washington. The parties agreed that issues related to the data protection and the alleged activities of U.S. intelligence agencies caused tensions in transatlantic relationship, and therefore it must be reduced.

On behalf of the Lithuanian Presidency of the Council Minister of Justice of Lithuania Juozas Bernatonis and Vice-Minister of the Interior of Lithuania Elvinas Jankevičius, the European Commission (EC) Vice-President, Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Commissioner Viviane Reding and the EU Commissioner for Home Affairs Cecilia Malmström participated in the meeting with the U.S. Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr., and Acting Secretary, Department of Homeland Security, Rand Beers.

After the meeting a joint press statement was released, which noted that a broad array of issues critical to the EU and the US, including: addressing the problem of sexual abuse of children online; coordinating work on counter-terrorism and security issues; countering violent extremism; expanding cooperation in criminal matters; joint efforts in the areas of cybercrime and cybersecurity; and mobility, migration and border issues were discussed. In addition, the rights of victims of crime, the rights of persons with disabilities, and the prosecution of hate crimes were discussed.

During the meeting the issues related to data protection and the alleged activities of the U.S. intelligence agencies were addressed.

“We together recognise that this has led to regrettable tensions in the transatlantic relationship which we seek to lessen. In order to protect all our citizens, it is of the utmost importance to address these issues by restoring trust and reinforcing our cooperation on justice and home affairs issues” – states the joint press statement.

The EU and the U.S. committed to advance rapidly in the negotiations on a meaningful and comprehensive data protection umbrella agreement in the field of law enforcement. The agreement would facilitate transfer of data in the context of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters by ensuring high level of personal data protection for U.S. and EU citizens.

“We are committed to working to resolve the remaining issues raised by both sides, including judicial redress (a critical issue for the EU). Our aim is to complete the negotiations on the agreement ahead of summer 2014“, notes a joint press statement. “As these on-going processes continue, they contribute to restoring trust, and to ensuring that we continue our vital law enforcement cooperation in order to protect EU and U.S. citizens.”

The article Data Protection Issues Dominated At EU-US Ministerial Meeting appeared first on Eurasia Review.

Viewing all 73742 articles
Browse latest View live




Latest Images